Why Is The Tomb Of The Unknown Soldier Guarded?

Why Is The Tomb Of The Unknown Soldier Guarded? The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier stands as a poignant tribute to the sacrifices of American service members, and its perpetual guard is a deeply symbolic act of honor, respect, and remembrance. This unwavering vigil, maintained by the meticulously trained soldiers of the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (“The Old Guard”), isn’t just a ceremonial tradition; it’s a solemn commitment to never forget those who gave their lives for their country, especially those whose identities remain unknown, embodying the ideals of duty and sacrifice. Discover answers to all your questions and explore knowledge on WHY.EDU.VN, including insights into memorial tributes, military honors, and the Tomb Guard’s sentinel duties.

1. The Historical Context of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

Understanding why the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is guarded requires delving into its historical origins and the evolution of its significance.

1.1. Origins in the Aftermath of World War I

The concept of honoring an unknown soldier emerged in the aftermath of World War I, a conflict that resulted in unprecedented casualties and a vast number of unidentified remains.

The Scale of Unidentified Dead: The sheer scale of the war, coupled with the destructive power of modern weaponry, led to countless soldiers being unidentifiable. Poor record-keeping practices and the chaotic nature of the battlefields further contributed to the problem.
European Precedents: Inspired by France and Great Britain, who established similar memorials to honor their unknown war dead, the United States sought to create a symbol of national mourning and remembrance. France and Great Britain each repatriated and buried one unknown soldier on Armistice Day, November 11, 1920. Great Britain buried its Unknown Warrior inside Westminster Abbey in London, and France buried its Unknown Soldier at the base of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.
Congressional Action: In December 1920, New York Congressman and World War I veteran Hamilton Fish Jr. proposed legislation that provided for the interment of one unknown American soldier at a special tomb to be built in Arlington National Cemetery. The purpose of the legislation was “to bring home the body of an unknown American warrior who in himself represents no section, creed, or race in the late war and who typifies, moreover, the soul of America and the supreme sacrifice of her heroic dead.”

1.2. The Selection and Interment of the First Unknown Soldier

The process of selecting and interring the first Unknown Soldier was a solemn and carefully orchestrated event.

Exhumation and Selection: In October 1921, four bodies of unidentified U.S. military personnel were exhumed from different American military cemeteries in France. On October 23, 1921, the four caskets arrived at the city hall of Châlons-sur-Marne (now called Châlons-en-Champagne), France. On October 24, 1921, Sgt. Edward F. Younger selected the Unknown by placing a spray of white roses on one of the caskets.
Journey Home: From Châlons-sur-Marne, the Unknown journeyed by caisson and rail to the port town of Le Havre, France. From Le Havre, the USS Olympia transported the Unknown Soldier’s casket to Washington, D.C., arriving at the Washington Navy Yard on November 9, 1921.
Lying in State and Funeral: The Unknown lay in state in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda, where approximately 90,000 visitors paid their respects. On November 11, 1921, the Unknown was placed on a horse-drawn caisson and carried in a procession through Washington, D.C. and across the Potomac River. A state funeral ceremony was held at Arlington National Cemetery’s new Memorial Amphitheater, and the Unknown was interred in the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. President Warren G. Harding officiated at the ceremony and placed the Medal of Honor, the nation’s highest military decoration, on the casket.

1.3. Evolution of the Tomb and the Guard

The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier has evolved over time, both in its physical structure and in the significance of the guard that watches over it.

Early Years: Originally, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier consisted of a simple marble slab. During its early years, thousands of visitors came to Arlington National Cemetery to mourn at the Tomb and to pay their respects to the Unknown Soldier and the military personnel he represented.
The Sarcophagus: The Tomb sarcophagus is decorated with three wreaths on each side panel (north and south). On the front (east), three figures represent Peace, Victory and Valor. The back (west) features the inscription: “Here rests in honored glory an American soldier known but to God.”
Continuous Guard: In March 1926, soldiers from nearby Fort Myer were first assigned to guard the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier during daylight hours. In 1937, the guards became a 24/7 presence, standing watch over the Unknown Soldier at all times.
The Old Guard: The 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment, known as “The Old Guard,” was designated as the Army’s official ceremonial unit on April 6, 1948. At that time, The Old Guard began guarding the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.

2. Symbolism and Significance of the Guard

The guard at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is more than just a security measure; it is a deeply symbolic act that embodies the nation’s respect, gratitude, and commitment to its fallen heroes.

2.1. Honor and Respect for the Unknowns

The guard is a tangible expression of the nation’s honor and respect for the Unknown Soldiers, representing all those who have given their lives in service to the country, especially those whose identities remain unknown.

Unwavering Vigil: The continuous presence of the guard, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, demonstrates an unwavering commitment to honoring the Unknowns, regardless of weather conditions or other circumstances.
Symbol of Gratitude: The guard is a way for the nation to express its gratitude for the sacrifices made by these service members, acknowledging their willingness to put their lives on the line for the country.
Representing All Fallen Heroes: The Unknowns represent all American service members who have died in battle, particularly those who remain unidentified, ensuring that their sacrifices are never forgotten.

2.2. Preserving the Dignity of the Tomb

The guard helps to preserve the dignity of the Tomb and the solemn atmosphere surrounding it.

Preventing Desecration: The presence of the guard deters any potential acts of vandalism or desecration, ensuring that the Tomb remains a place of reverence and respect.
Maintaining Order: The guard helps to maintain order and decorum among the visitors, ensuring that they conduct themselves in a manner befitting the solemnity of the site.
Creating a Sacred Space: The guard contributes to the creation of a sacred space where visitors can reflect on the sacrifices of the Unknowns and pay their respects in a dignified manner.

2.3. A Connection to History and Tradition

The guard is a living connection to the history and traditions of the United States military.

Symbol of Military Excellence: The Tomb Guards are selected from the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (“The Old Guard”), the oldest active-duty infantry unit in the Army, known for its excellence and dedication to duty.
Rigorous Selection and Training: The soldiers who volunteer to become Tomb Guards must undergo a strict selection process and intensive training, demonstrating their commitment to upholding the highest standards of military professionalism.
Upholding Tradition: The guard’s precise movements, impeccable dress, and unwavering demeanor reflect the traditions and values of the U.S. Army, serving as a reminder of the sacrifices made by generations of American service members. Each element of the Tomb Guard’s routine has meaning. The Guard marches 21 steps down the black mat behind the Tomb, turns and faces east for 21 seconds, turns and faces north for 21 seconds, and then takes 21 steps down the mat. Next, the Guard executes a sharp “shoulder-arms” movement to place his/her weapon on the shoulder closest to the visitors, signifying that he or she stands between the Tomb and any possible threat. The number 21 symbolizes the highest symbolic military honor that can be bestowed: the 21-gun salute.

3. The Selection and Training of Tomb Guards

Becoming a Tomb Guard is a highly selective and demanding process, requiring exceptional physical and mental fortitude, as well as a deep understanding of military history and traditions.

3.1. Volunteering and Eligibility

The process begins with soldiers volunteering for the opportunity to serve as Tomb Guards.

Eligibility Requirements: To be eligible, soldiers must meet strict physical, mental, and moral requirements, including an impeccable military record, exceptional physical fitness, and a height between 5’10” and 6’4″.
Motivation and Dedication: Candidates must demonstrate a genuine desire to honor the Unknowns and a willingness to dedicate themselves to the demanding duties of a Tomb Guard.
Commitment to Excellence: Only the most motivated and dedicated soldiers are considered for this prestigious assignment.

3.2. The Rigorous Selection Process

The selection process is designed to identify the most qualified candidates.

Interviews and Evaluations: Candidates undergo a series of interviews and evaluations to assess their knowledge of military history, their understanding of the Tomb’s significance, and their ability to handle the pressures of the job.
Physical Fitness Tests: Candidates must pass rigorous physical fitness tests, including push-ups, sit-ups, and a two-mile run, to demonstrate their physical stamina and endurance.
Uniform Inspections: Candidates are subjected to meticulous uniform inspections, demonstrating their attention to detail and their ability to maintain the highest standards of military appearance.

3.3. Intensive Training

Those who pass the initial selection process enter an intensive training program.

Drill and Ceremony: Trainees spend countless hours practicing the precise movements and procedures required of a Tomb Guard, including the meticulous changing of the guard ceremony.
History and Significance: Trainees learn the history of the Tomb, the significance of the guard, and the stories of the Unknown Soldiers, ensuring that they understand the importance of their mission.
Mental Fortitude: Trainees are challenged to develop the mental fortitude necessary to withstand the pressures of standing guard in all weather conditions, maintaining a stoic demeanor, and performing their duties with unwavering precision.

4. The Daily Routine of a Tomb Guard

The daily routine of a Tomb Guard is characterized by precision, discipline, and unwavering dedication.

4.1. The Changing of the Guard Ceremony

The changing of the guard ceremony is a meticulously choreographed event that takes place every hour during the day (October 1 to March 31) and every half hour during the day (April 1 to September 30). During the night (all year), the changing of the guard occurs every two hours.

Inspection: The relief commander meticulously inspects the incoming guard’s uniform, weapon, and bearing, ensuring that everything is in perfect order.
The Walk: The incoming guard marches 21 steps down the black mat behind the Tomb, turns and faces east for 21 seconds, turns and faces north for 21 seconds, and then takes 21 steps down the mat. The number 21 symbolizes the highest symbolic military honor that can be bestowed: the 21-gun salute.
Exchange of Orders: The relief commander exchanges orders with the outgoing guard, officially transferring responsibility for guarding the Tomb.
Silent Precision: The entire ceremony is conducted in complete silence, emphasizing the solemnity of the occasion and the respect for the Unknowns.

4.2. Maintaining Impeccable Appearance

Tomb Guards are required to maintain an impeccable appearance at all times.

Uniform Standards: The Tomb Guards wear a specially designed uniform that is meticulously maintained, with every detail, from the shine of their boots to the placement of their medals, held to the highest standards.
Personal Grooming: Tomb Guards are required to adhere to strict personal grooming standards, ensuring that their hair is neatly trimmed, their faces are clean-shaven, and their overall appearance is professional and dignified.
Continuous Maintenance: Maintaining this impeccable appearance requires hours of dedicated effort each day, both on and off duty.

4.3. Enduring the Elements

Tomb Guards must perform their duties in all weather conditions.

Heat and Cold: Tomb Guards must stand their posts in extreme heat and cold, enduring temperatures that can be both physically and mentally challenging.
Rain and Snow: Rain, snow, and other forms of inclement weather can make the task of guarding the Tomb even more difficult, requiring Tomb Guards to maintain their composure and perform their duties with unwavering precision.
Mental Fortitude: Enduring these harsh conditions requires exceptional mental fortitude and a deep commitment to honoring the Unknowns, regardless of the challenges.

5. Visiting the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is a popular destination for visitors from around the world who come to pay their respects to the Unknowns and witness the changing of the guard ceremony.

5.1. Etiquette and Respect

Visitors are expected to observe certain rules of etiquette and show respect for the solemnity of the site.

Silence: Visitors are asked to maintain silence while in the vicinity of the Tomb, avoiding loud conversations or other disruptive behavior.
Standing at Attention: During the changing of the guard ceremony, visitors are expected to stand at attention and refrain from taking photographs or videos.
Appropriate Attire: Visitors are encouraged to dress respectfully, avoiding clothing that is too casual or revealing.

5.2. Wreath-Laying Ceremonies

Laying a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier has long been a way for individuals and organizations to honor the sacrifices of American service members.

Formal Request: Wreath-laying ceremonies must be formally requested in advance and are typically reserved for dignitaries, military leaders, and other distinguished guests. The opportunity to participate in a wreath-laying ceremony is also open to the general public, including school groups.
Symbolic Gesture: Laying a wreath is a symbolic gesture of respect and remembrance, acknowledging the sacrifices made by the Unknowns and all those who have served in the U.S. military.
Powerful Experience: Participating in a wreath-laying ceremony can be a powerful and moving experience, providing an opportunity to connect with the history and significance of the Tomb.

5.3. Reflecting on Sacrifice and Service

The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier provides a place for visitors to reflect on the sacrifices of American service members and the importance of service to the nation.

Honoring the Fallen: The Tomb serves as a reminder of the human cost of war and the sacrifices made by those who have served in the U.S. military.
Appreciating Freedom: Visiting the Tomb can help visitors to appreciate the freedoms and privileges they enjoy as Americans and the importance of defending those freedoms.
Inspiring Service: The Tomb can inspire visitors to consider their own roles in serving the nation and contributing to the common good.

6. Later Additions and Controversies

The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier has seen some changes and controversies over the years.

6.1. World War II and Korean War Unknowns

Following World War II, some Americans supported the idea of interring and honoring an Unknown from that war. However, the start of the Korean War in 1950 delayed those plans.

Selection Process: In 1958, the Army exhumed 13 bodies from military cemeteries across North Africa and Europe and brought them to the Epinal American Cemetery and Memorial in France. On May 12, 1958, Major General Edward J. O’Neill placed a red and white wreath on one of the 13 caskets, selecting the Unknown who would represent the Trans-Atlantic (Europe and North Africa) Theater of World War II. To represent the Pacific Theater of World War II, the Army exhumed five bodies from Fort McKinley American Cemetery in the Philippines (now called Manila American Cemetery) and the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (“The Punch Bowl”) in Hawaii. At the same time, they exhumed four bodies from the Korean War that were also buried at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific. On May 26, 1958, Navy Hospital Corpsman 1st Class William R. Charette, a Medal of Honor recipient from the Korean War, then selected the World War II Unknown.
Interment: Both Unknowns arrived in Washington, D.C. on May 28, 1958 and lay in state in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda for two days. Two days later, the Unknowns were transported to Arlington National Cemetery and interred in crypts to the west of the World War I Unknown.

6.2. Vietnam War Unknown and Identification

Before the Vietnam War ended, Arlington National Cemetery began making preparations to add a third crypt to the Tomb.

Designation: By May 1984, only one set of recovered American remains from Vietnam had not been fully identified. In a ceremony held at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on May 17, 1984, Medal of Honor recipient Marine Corps Sergeant Major Allan Jay Kellogg, Jr. designated the remains as the Vietnam War Unknown.
Identification: The Department of Defense and civilian partners continued working to identify remains recovered from Vietnam. Through these efforts, they reviewed evidence that suggested the Vietnam War Unknown was likely Air Force 1st Lt. Michael Joseph Blassie, a pilot who had been shot down in 1972. At the request of Blassie’s family, the Department of Defense exhumed the remains from the Vietnam Unknown’s crypt on May 14, 1998. Using DNA testing, scientists positively identified the remains as those of Blassie.
Rededication: The crypt designated for the Vietnam War Unknown remains vacant. On September 17, 1999 — National POW/MIA Recognition Day — it was rededicated to honor all missing U.S. service members from the Vietnam War.

6.3. Ethical Considerations

The identification of the Vietnam War Unknown raised ethical questions about the appropriateness of interring unidentified remains when advances in technology could potentially lead to identification.

Balancing Remembrance and Accuracy: The controversy highlighted the tension between the desire to honor the Unknowns and the importance of ensuring that remains are accurately identified and returned to their families.
Future Considerations: The experience with the Vietnam War Unknown has led to a greater emphasis on identifying remains whenever possible before considering interment in the Tomb.

7. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier as a National Symbol

The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is more than just a monument; it is a powerful national symbol that embodies the values of service, sacrifice, and remembrance.

7.1. Representing National Values

The Tomb represents the values of service, sacrifice, and remembrance that are central to the American identity.

Service to the Nation: The Unknowns represent all those who have served in the U.S. military, regardless of their background or branch of service, highlighting the importance of service to the nation.
Sacrifice for Freedom: The Unknowns symbolize the ultimate sacrifice made by those who have given their lives in defense of freedom and democracy, reminding us of the cost of liberty.
Remembrance of the Fallen: The Tomb ensures that the sacrifices of the fallen are never forgotten, serving as a constant reminder of the debt we owe to those who have served.

7.2. Inspiring Patriotism and Unity

The Tomb inspires patriotism and unity among Americans.

Shared National Identity: The Tomb provides a focal point for national mourning and remembrance, fostering a sense of shared identity and purpose among Americans.
Honoring Military Service: The Tomb honors the service of all American service members, regardless of their individual experiences or beliefs, promoting a sense of unity and respect for the military.
Transcending Divisions: The Tomb transcends political and social divisions, reminding Americans of their shared values and their common commitment to the nation.

7.3. A Place of Pilgrimage

The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier has become a place of pilgrimage for Americans and visitors from around the world.

Honoring the Past: Visitors come to the Tomb to honor the past, to reflect on the sacrifices of those who have served, and to connect with the history of the nation.
Seeking Inspiration: Visitors seek inspiration from the Tomb, drawing strength from the example of the Unknowns and renewing their commitment to serving the nation.
Finding Solace: Visitors find solace at the Tomb, mourning the loss of loved ones and finding comfort in the knowledge that their sacrifices are remembered and honored.

8. The Future of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier will continue to evolve and adapt to the changing needs of the nation while remaining a powerful symbol of service, sacrifice, and remembrance.

8.1. Adapting to New Technologies

Advances in technology may continue to impact the way remains are identified and honored.

DNA Identification: DNA testing and other advanced forensic techniques may make it possible to identify remains that were previously considered unidentifiable, potentially reducing the number of future Unknowns.
Digital Memorials: Digital memorials and online resources may provide new ways to honor the Unknowns and share their stories with future generations.
Balancing Tradition and Innovation: The challenge will be to balance the traditions and symbolism of the Tomb with the opportunities presented by new technologies, ensuring that the Tomb remains relevant and meaningful in the years to come.

8.2. Educating Future Generations

Educating future generations about the Tomb and its significance is essential to ensuring that its legacy continues.

Educational Programs: Educational programs and resources can help students and young people understand the history of the Tomb, the significance of the guard, and the values of service, sacrifice, and remembrance.
Experiential Learning: Visits to the Tomb and interactions with Tomb Guards can provide powerful experiential learning opportunities that connect young people to the history and values of the nation.
Inspiring Civic Engagement: Educating future generations about the Tomb can inspire them to become active and engaged citizens, committed to serving the nation and upholding its values.

8.3. Preserving the Legacy

Preserving the legacy of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is a responsibility shared by all Americans.

Supporting the Old Guard: Supporting the soldiers of the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (“The Old Guard”) who guard the Tomb is essential to ensuring that the Tomb continues to be honored and protected.
Visiting and Remembering: Visiting the Tomb and remembering the sacrifices of the Unknowns is a way to show respect for the fallen and to reaffirm our commitment to the values they represent.
Sharing the Story: Sharing the story of the Tomb with others helps to ensure that its legacy continues to inspire and unite Americans for generations to come.

9. The Enduring Allure: Why the Tomb Remains a Focal Point

The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier’s enduring appeal lies in its profound representation of loss, honor, and the collective memory of a nation. It acts as a silent, yet powerful, reminder of the human cost of conflict and the enduring values of service and sacrifice.

9.1. A Symbol of Shared Grief and Remembrance

For many, the Tomb embodies a shared sense of grief and loss. It serves as a place where individuals can connect with the memory of loved ones lost in service, regardless of whether their remains were ever identified. The Tomb provides a tangible focal point for collective mourning and remembrance.

9.2. The Unspoken Stories of the Unknowns

The mystery surrounding the identities of the Unknowns adds to the Tomb’s allure. Each Unknown represents countless untold stories of courage, dedication, and sacrifice. Visitors are drawn to contemplate the lives and experiences of these individuals, fostering a sense of empathy and connection to the past.

9.3. A Testament to Unwavering Dedication

The unwavering dedication of the Tomb Guards stands as a testament to the values of honor, discipline, and selfless service. Their meticulous routines and unwavering commitment inspire awe and respect, reinforcing the Tomb’s significance as a symbol of national pride.

10. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Popular Culture

The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier has permeated popular culture, appearing in movies, literature, and music, further cementing its place in the American consciousness.

10.1. Representations in Film and Literature

The Tomb has served as a backdrop for countless films and literary works, often used to evoke themes of patriotism, sacrifice, and the human cost of war. These depictions have helped to broaden public awareness of the Tomb and its significance.

10.2. Musical Tributes

Numerous musical compositions have been dedicated to the Tomb, ranging from solemn hymns to patriotic anthems. These musical tributes serve as a powerful expression of national mourning and remembrance.

10.3. Inspiring Artistic Expression

The Tomb has inspired countless artistic expressions, including paintings, sculptures, and poems. These works of art capture the Tomb’s beauty, solemnity, and profound symbolism, further enriching its cultural significance.

The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is guarded to show honor and respect, preserve the dignity of the Tomb, connect to history and tradition, represent national values, inspire patriotism and unity and serve as a place of pilgrimage for people all over the world.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What is the significance of the 21 steps taken by the Tomb Guard?

The 21 steps symbolize the 21-gun salute, the highest honor that can be bestowed upon a military member.
How are Tomb Guards selected?

They are volunteers from the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (“The Old Guard”) who undergo a rigorous selection process and intensive training.
What happens if a Tomb Guard makes a mistake during the changing of the guard ceremony?

Tomb Guards are trained to perform their duties with unwavering precision. Mistakes are rare, but if one occurs, the Guard will correct it immediately and continue the ceremony.
Can anyone lay a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier?

Wreath-laying ceremonies must be formally requested in advance and are typically reserved for dignitaries, military leaders, and other distinguished guests. The opportunity to participate in a wreath-laying ceremony is also open to the general public, including school groups.
What is the meaning of the inscription on the back of the Tomb?

The inscription “Here rests in honored glory an American soldier known but to God” signifies that the Unknowns represent all American service members who have died in battle, particularly those who remain unidentified.
Why was the Vietnam War Unknown disinterred?

Advances in DNA testing made it possible to identify the remains as those of Air Force 1st Lt. Michael Joseph Blassie.
What is the current status of the crypt that once held the Vietnam War Unknown?

The crypt remains vacant and has been rededicated to honor all missing U.S. service members from the Vietnam War.
How has the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier evolved over time?

Originally, the Tomb was a simple marble slab. Over time, it has been expanded to include crypts for Unknowns from World War II and the Korean War. The guard has also become a 24/7 presence.
What is the role of the Tomb Guard in maintaining the dignity of the Tomb?

The Tomb Guard deters vandalism, maintains order, and creates a sacred space where visitors can reflect on the sacrifices of the Unknowns.
How can I learn more about the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier?

Visit the Arlington National Cemetery website or the ANC Education Program. You can also visit why.edu.vn for more in-depth information and answers to your questions.