Monkeypox, also known as mpox, has been a topic of global health concern. WHY.EDU.VN explains the reasons behind its original name and the subsequent decision to transition to the new term “mpox.” This shift aims to address concerns about stigmatizing language and ensures clarity in public health communication, offering solutions through accurate and sensitive terminology. Exploring the nomenclature, viral disease dynamics, and orthopoxvirus relevance offers a comprehensive understanding.
1. The Origin of the Name “Monkeypox”
The name “monkeypox” originated in 1958.
1.1. Discovery in Monkeys
In 1958, the virus was first discovered in colonies of monkeys kept for research.
1.2. Initial Identification
The virus was initially identified during an investigation into a pox-like disease that affected these research monkeys.
1.3. Misleading Association
Despite its name, monkeys are not the primary reservoir of the virus.
1.4. Rodent Reservoirs
The virus is believed to be maintained in rodent populations, particularly in Africa.
1.5. Early Human Cases
The first human case of monkeypox was recorded in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
1.6. Transmission to Humans
Transmission to humans typically occurs through contact with infected animals or contaminated materials.
2. Problems With the Name “Monkeypox”
The name “monkeypox” presented several issues that led to reconsideration.
2.1. Stigmatization
The name was perceived as stigmatizing, contributing to negative associations and potential discrimination.
2.2. Inaccurate Representation
The name inaccurately suggested that monkeys were the primary source of the disease.
2.3. Misinformation
It led to misinformation about the virus’s origins and transmission.
2.4. Racist Language
The term was linked to racist and discriminatory language in online and offline settings.
2.5. Global Concerns
Several countries and individuals raised concerns about the name and its implications.
3. The WHO’s Decision to Change the Name
The World Health Organization (WHO) initiated a process to address these concerns.
3.1. Consultations With Experts
The WHO held consultations with global experts to discuss potential name changes.
3.2. Public and Private Meetings
The organization conducted public and private meetings to gather feedback and suggestions.
3.3. International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
The WHO, responsible for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), managed the renaming process.
3.4. ICD Update Process
The ICD update process includes gathering views from experts, countries, and the public.
3.5. Submission of Suggestions
The public was invited to submit suggestions for new names.
4. The Introduction of “Mpox”
The WHO recommended a new preferred term to replace “monkeypox.”
4.1. Adoption of “Mpox”
The term “mpox” was adopted as a synonym for monkeypox in English.
4.2. Transition Period
A one-year transition period was established to phase out the name “monkeypox.”
4.3. Mitigating Confusion
This transition period was designed to mitigate confusion during the global outbreak.
4.4. Updating WHO Publications
It also allowed time to update WHO publications and complete the ICD update process.
4.5. Inclusion in ICD-10 and ICD-11
“Mpox” was included in the ICD-10 online and the official 2023 release of ICD-11.
5. Rationale Behind Choosing “Mpox”
Several factors were considered when selecting the new name.
5.1. Scientific Appropriateness
The name needed to be scientifically appropriate and accurate.
5.2. Extent of Current Usage
Consideration was given to the extent to which the name was already in use.
5.3. Pronounceability
The name had to be easy to pronounce in different languages.
5.4. Usability in Different Languages
The name should be usable across various languages.
5.5. Absence of Geographical or Zoological References
The name should avoid references to specific geographical locations or animals.
5.6. Ease of Retrieval of Historical Scientific Information
The name should allow for easy retrieval of historical scientific information.
6. The ICD Update Process
The ICD updating process is typically lengthy, but it was accelerated in this case.
6.1. Standard Steps Followed
Despite the acceleration, the standard steps of the ICD update process were followed.
6.2. Advisory Bodies
Various advisory bodies were consulted during the process.
6.3. Medical and Scientific Experts
Experts from medical and scientific fields were involved.
6.4. Classification and Statistics Advisory Committees
Classification and statistics advisory committees provided input.
6.5. Government Authority Representatives
Representatives from government authorities of 45 countries participated.
7. Language Considerations
The use of the new name in different languages was extensively discussed.
7.1. Use in Other Languages
The term “mpox” can be used in other languages.
7.2. Addressing Additional Naming Issues
Any additional naming issues will be addressed via the same mechanism.
7.3. Collaboration With Government Authorities
Translations are usually discussed in formal collaboration with relevant government authorities and scientific societies.
7.4. WHO’s Adoption of “Mpox”
The WHO adopted the term “mpox” in its communications.
7.5. Encouraging Others to Follow
The WHO encourages others to follow these recommendations to minimize any ongoing negative impact.
8. Historical Context
Understanding the history of the disease and its naming is essential.
8.1. Naming the Disease
The disease was initially named based on its discovery in monkeys.
8.2. Naming of Viruses
The naming of viruses is the responsibility of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
8.3. Reconsidering Orthopoxvirus Species
Prior to the 2022 outbreak, there was a process underway to reconsider the naming of all orthopoxvirus species, including monkeypox virus.
8.4. Naming Monkeypox Virus Variants or Clades
In August 2022, a group of global experts convened by the WHO agreed on new names for monkeypox virus variants.
8.5. Aligning Names
These efforts aimed to align the names of the monkeypox disease, virus, and variants with current best practices.
9. New Names for Virus Variants
The virus variants were renamed to avoid geographical stigmatization.
9.1. Former Congo Basin Clade
The former Congo Basin (Central African) clade was renamed Clade one (I).
9.2. Former West African Clade
The former West African clade was renamed Clade two (II).
9.3. Subclades IIa and IIb
Clade II consists of two subclades, IIa and IIb.
10. The Impact of the Name Change
The name change has several significant impacts on public health.
10.1. Reducing Stigma
It helps reduce stigma associated with the disease.
10.2. Improving Communication
It improves communication about the disease.
10.3. Enhancing Public Health Response
It enhances the public health response by addressing misinformation and negative perceptions.
10.4. Promoting Accurate Information
It promotes the dissemination of accurate information.
10.5. Fostering Global Collaboration
It fosters global collaboration by addressing concerns raised by various stakeholders.
11. Understanding Monkeypox (Mpox)
To fully grasp the significance of the name change, it’s crucial to understand the disease itself.
11.1. Viral Disease Overview
Monkeypox (mpox) is a viral disease that can infect both animals and humans.
11.2. Symptoms of Monkeypox
Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes, and a rash that forms blisters and scabs.
11.3. Transmission Methods
The virus can spread through contact with infected animals, humans, or contaminated materials.
11.4. Prevention Strategies
Prevention strategies include avoiding contact with infected individuals, practicing good hygiene, and vaccination.
11.5. Treatment Options
Treatment options may include antiviral medications and supportive care to manage symptoms.
12. The Role of Rodents in Monkeypox Transmission
Rodents play a significant role in the transmission and maintenance of the virus.
12.1. Natural Reservoirs
Rodents are believed to be the natural reservoirs of the monkeypox virus.
12.2. Species Involved
Various species of rodents, particularly in Africa, have been identified as potential carriers.
12.3. Spillover Events
Spillover events occur when the virus jumps from rodents to humans or other animals.
12.4. Environmental Factors
Environmental factors, such as deforestation and human encroachment on wildlife habitats, can increase the risk of spillover.
12.5. Monitoring Rodent Populations
Monitoring rodent populations and their interactions with humans is crucial for preventing outbreaks.
13. Monkeypox and the Orthopoxvirus Family
Monkeypox is part of the orthopoxvirus family, which includes other notable viruses.
13.1. Orthopoxvirus Overview
Orthopoxviruses are a group of viruses that can cause pox-like diseases in animals and humans.
13.2. Related Viruses
Other viruses in this family include variola virus (which causes smallpox), vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine), and cowpox virus.
13.3. Similarities and Differences
While these viruses share some similarities, they also have distinct characteristics in terms of transmission, symptoms, and severity.
13.4. Cross-Protection
Vaccination against smallpox provides some cross-protection against monkeypox.
13.5. Public Health Implications
Understanding the relationships between these viruses is essential for developing effective prevention and control strategies.
14. Global Efforts to Control Monkeypox (Mpox)
Controlling monkeypox (mpox) requires coordinated global efforts.
14.1. Surveillance and Monitoring
Surveillance and monitoring are crucial for detecting and tracking cases.
14.2. Vaccination Campaigns
Vaccination campaigns can help prevent the spread of the virus.
14.3. Public Health Education
Public health education is essential for informing people about the risks and prevention strategies.
14.4. International Collaboration
International collaboration is needed to share information and resources.
14.5. Research and Development
Research and development are important for developing new vaccines and treatments.
15. The Importance of Accurate Information
Accurate information is vital for managing public health crises.
15.1. Combating Misinformation
Combating misinformation is crucial for preventing panic and promoting informed decision-making.
15.2. Reliable Sources
Relying on reliable sources of information, such as the WHO and national health authorities, is essential.
15.3. Clear Communication
Clear communication from public health officials can help build trust and encourage compliance with recommended measures.
15.4. Community Engagement
Community engagement can help tailor messages to specific audiences and address local concerns.
15.5. Media Responsibility
Media outlets have a responsibility to report accurately and avoid sensationalism.
16. Addressing Stigma and Discrimination
Stigma and discrimination can hinder public health efforts.
16.1. Understanding the Root Causes
Understanding the root causes of stigma and discrimination is essential for developing effective interventions.
16.2. Promoting Empathy
Promoting empathy and understanding can help reduce negative attitudes and behaviors.
16.3. Inclusive Language
Using inclusive language and avoiding stigmatizing terms is important.
16.4. Support for Affected Individuals
Providing support for affected individuals can help reduce their isolation and improve their well-being.
16.5. Legal Protections
Legal protections can help prevent discrimination and ensure equal access to care.
17. The Future of Monkeypox (Mpox) Research
Ongoing research is critical for improving our understanding of monkeypox (mpox) and developing better prevention and treatment strategies.
17.1. Vaccine Development
Continued research on vaccine development is needed to create more effective and accessible vaccines.
17.2. Antiviral Therapies
Research on antiviral therapies can help develop new treatments for those who become infected.
17.3. Understanding Transmission Dynamics
Further research is needed to understand the transmission dynamics of the virus and identify potential risk factors.
17.4. Studying Animal Reservoirs
Studying animal reservoirs can help identify the natural hosts of the virus and prevent spillover events.
17.5. Improving Diagnostic Tools
Improving diagnostic tools can help detect cases early and prevent further spread.
18. Expert Opinions on the Name Change
Experts in the field have shared their perspectives on the WHO’s decision to change the name.
18.1. Public Health Experts
Public health experts generally support the name change as a way to reduce stigma and improve communication.
18.2. Virologists
Virologists emphasize the importance of accurate and non-stigmatizing terminology for scientific research and collaboration.
18.3. Ethicists
Ethicists highlight the ethical considerations of naming diseases and the potential impact on affected communities.
18.4. Community Leaders
Community leaders express hope that the name change will help reduce discrimination and improve access to care.
18.5. Linguists
Linguists note the importance of considering the cultural and linguistic context when naming diseases.
19. The Role of International Organizations
International organizations play a crucial role in addressing global health challenges.
19.1. WHO’s Leadership
The WHO provides leadership and coordination in the global response to monkeypox (mpox).
19.2. CDC’s Contributions
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides technical expertise and support to countries around the world.
19.3. Global Health Initiatives
Global health initiatives, such as the Global Fund and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, support efforts to prevent and control infectious diseases.
19.4. Research Funding
Research funding from organizations like the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is essential for advancing our understanding of monkeypox (mpox).
19.5. Capacity Building
Capacity building in developing countries is needed to strengthen their ability to detect and respond to outbreaks.
20. Personal Experiences and Perspectives
Hearing personal experiences and perspectives can help humanize the issue.
20.1. Stories From Affected Individuals
Sharing stories from affected individuals can help raise awareness and reduce stigma.
20.2. Perspectives From Healthcare Workers
Perspectives from healthcare workers can provide insights into the challenges of managing the disease.
20.3. Community Advocates
Community advocates can share their experiences of working to support affected communities.
20.4. Family Members
Family members can offer their perspectives on the impact of the disease on their loved ones.
20.5. Researchers
Researchers can share their insights into the scientific aspects of the disease.
21. The Importance of Continued Vigilance
Continued vigilance is essential for preventing future outbreaks.
21.1. Monitoring Emerging Threats
Monitoring emerging threats and potential spillover events is crucial.
21.2. Investing in Public Health Infrastructure
Investing in public health infrastructure can help strengthen our ability to detect and respond to outbreaks.
21.3. Promoting Global Health Security
Promoting global health security can help prevent the spread of infectious diseases across borders.
21.4. Addressing Underlying Risk Factors
Addressing underlying risk factors, such as deforestation and human encroachment on wildlife habitats, is essential.
21.5. Fostering Collaboration
Fostering collaboration between researchers, public health officials, and communities is crucial for addressing global health challenges.
22. Current Statistics and Trends
Staying informed about current statistics and trends is important for understanding the evolving situation.
22.1. Global Case Counts
Tracking global case counts can help monitor the spread of the virus.
22.2. Geographic Distribution
Understanding the geographic distribution of cases can help identify hotspots and target resources.
22.3. Demographic Trends
Analyzing demographic trends can help identify populations at higher risk.
22.4. Transmission Patterns
Monitoring transmission patterns can help inform prevention strategies.
22.5. Impact of Interventions
Assessing the impact of interventions, such as vaccination campaigns, can help refine public health strategies.
23. Monkeypox (Mpox) in Popular Culture
The disease has also been mentioned and portrayed in popular culture.
23.1. Media Coverage
Media coverage has played a significant role in raising awareness of the disease.
23.2. Fictional Depictions
Fictional depictions of the disease can sometimes contribute to misinformation and stigma.
23.3. Public Perception
Public perception of the disease is shaped by both accurate information and sensationalized reporting.
23.4. Impact on Tourism and Travel
Outbreaks of the disease can impact tourism and travel.
23.5. Economic Consequences
The disease can have economic consequences for affected communities and countries.
24. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Here are some frequently asked questions about monkeypox (mpox).
24.1. What is monkeypox (mpox)?
Monkeypox (mpox) is a viral disease that can infect both animals and humans, causing symptoms such as fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes.
24.2. How is monkeypox (mpox) transmitted?
The virus can spread through contact with infected animals, humans, or contaminated materials.
24.3. What are the symptoms of monkeypox (mpox)?
Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes, and a rash that forms blisters and scabs.
24.4. How can I prevent monkeypox (mpox)?
Prevention strategies include avoiding contact with infected individuals, practicing good hygiene, and vaccination.
24.5. Is there a vaccine for monkeypox (mpox)?
Yes, there are vaccines available that can help prevent monkeypox (mpox).
24.6. Is there a treatment for monkeypox (mpox)?
Treatment options may include antiviral medications and supportive care to manage symptoms.
24.7. Why was the name changed from monkeypox to mpox?
The name was changed to reduce stigma and improve communication about the disease.
24.8. What is the role of rodents in monkeypox (mpox) transmission?
Rodents are believed to be the natural reservoirs of the monkeypox (mpox) virus.
24.9. What is the orthopoxvirus family?
The orthopoxvirus family is a group of viruses that can cause pox-like diseases in animals and humans.
24.10. Where can I find reliable information about monkeypox (mpox)?
You can find reliable information from sources such as the WHO, CDC, and national health authorities.
25. Case Studies of Monkeypox (Mpox) Outbreaks
Examining case studies of past outbreaks can provide valuable insights.
25.1. The 2003 U.S. Outbreak
The 2003 U.S. outbreak was linked to imported exotic pets.
25.2. The 2017 Nigeria Outbreak
The 2017 Nigeria outbreak marked a resurgence of the disease in the region.
25.3. The 2022 Global Outbreak
The 2022 global outbreak led to the WHO’s decision to rename the disease.
25.4. Lessons Learned
These case studies highlight the importance of surveillance, prevention, and rapid response.
25.5. Future Preparedness
Preparedness for future outbreaks requires ongoing investment and collaboration.
26. The Psychological Impact of Mpox
The psychological impact of mpox on individuals and communities is significant.
26.1. Anxiety and Fear
Anxiety and fear related to infection and potential complications.
26.2. Social Isolation
Social isolation due to stigma and fear of transmission.
26.3. Mental Health Support
The need for mental health support for affected individuals.
26.4. Community Resilience
Building community resilience through education and support networks.
26.5. Long-Term Psychological Effects
Addressing long-term psychological effects through ongoing care and resources.
27. The Economic Implications of Mpox
The economic implications of mpox outbreaks can be substantial.
27.1. Healthcare Costs
Increased healthcare costs for diagnosis, treatment, and hospitalization.
27.2. Lost Productivity
Lost productivity due to illness and quarantine.
27.3. Impact on Tourism
Negative impact on tourism and related industries.
27.4. Trade Disruptions
Trade disruptions due to travel restrictions and border closures.
27.5. Investment in Prevention
The economic benefits of investing in prevention and preparedness measures.
28. Ethical Considerations in Mpox Management
Ethical considerations are paramount in managing mpox outbreaks.
28.1. Equitable Access to Vaccines
Ensuring equitable access to vaccines and treatments.
28.2. Privacy and Confidentiality
Protecting the privacy and confidentiality of affected individuals.
28.3. Informed Consent
Obtaining informed consent for testing, treatment, and research.
28.4. Avoiding Discrimination
Avoiding discrimination and stigma in public health messaging.
28.5. Resource Allocation
Making ethical decisions about resource allocation during outbreaks.
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| Aspect | Description |
|---|---|
| Original Name | Monkeypox, due to initial discovery in research monkeys. |
| Problems With Name | Stigmatization, inaccurate representation, misinformation, racist language. |
| WHO’s Decision | Changed name to Mpox after consultations with experts. |
| Rationale for Mpox | Scientifically appropriate, easy to pronounce, avoids geographical/zoological references. |
| Disease Overview | Viral disease with symptoms like fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes. |
| Transmission | Contact with infected animals, humans, or contaminated materials. |
| Prevention | Avoid contact with infected individuals, practice good hygiene, vaccination. |
| Treatment | Antiviral medications and supportive care. |
| FAQs | Covers common questions about mpox, its transmission, symptoms, and prevention. |
| Resources | WHO, CDC, national health authorities, and why.edu.vn for reliable information. |
