Vaginal odor is a topic many find uncomfortable to discuss. However, understanding your body and recognizing what is ‘normal’ for you is crucial in identifying when to seek medical advice.
Dr. Rosén explains, “The vagina naturally hosts a bacterial flora that maintains a healthy balance.” This natural bacteria is why cervical mucus in the vagina always has a scent. You might also notice changes in odor throughout your menstrual cycle due to shifts in your vagina’s pH balance.
So, what is considered a normal vaginal smell?
Dr. Rosén notes that it typically ranges from a slightly tangy or sour scent to a more metallic smell around or after menstruation. “Generally, if you feel well and your vaginal odor or discharge is typical for you, there’s no need for concern.”
However, it’s important to be aware of changes. Here are 8 common reasons for vaginal odor and when it’s time to consult a healthcare professional:
1. Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
Vaginal odor: Fishy
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a frequent cause of a smelly vagina, affecting a significant portion of women in their reproductive years. Dr. Rosén clarifies, “It’s a condition where there’s an imbalance in the vaginal flora.” Often, the first noticeable symptom is a fishy vaginal odor, which can progress to a frothy, greyish-green discharge. Itching and swelling may also occur.
If BV symptoms don’t resolve on their own, various treatment options are available. “A doctor can prescribe antiseptics or antibiotics,” Dr. Rosén states. Unfortunately, BV recurrence after antibiotic treatment is common. Some research suggests probiotics might be beneficial, and Dr. Rosén advises considering changes in contraception, particularly if using an IUD.
She also mentions that a sexual partner could contribute to reinfection, suggesting open communication about hygiene and temporary use of condoms. If this helps, the partner may also require antibiotics.
“If you experience these symptoms, consult a doctor to rule out any underlying conditions requiring treatment,” Dr. Rosén emphasizes. “This is especially vital during pregnancy due to the increased risk of premature labor.”
2. Trichomoniasis
Vaginal odor: Pungent and fishy, similar to BV
Trichomoniasis is a prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally. “It’s a parasitic infection that often presents with mild symptoms,” Dr. Rosén explains. “Some individuals might experience subtle symptoms like a yellowish-green vaginal discharge with an unpleasant smell, and the vulva may appear slightly red and itchy.” Antibiotics are typically effective in treating trichomoniasis.
3. Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
Vaginal odor: Very unpleasant, but odor is generally a minor symptom
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is now a rare condition, previously linked to high-absorbency tampons. “If these bacteria enter your system, you can become severely ill rapidly. Symptoms include high fever, blood pressure changes, potential rash, diarrhea or vomiting, and feelings of faintness,” Dr. Rosén describes.
“If you experience these symptoms, seek immediate medical attention at the emergency department. TSS is now very uncommon, though,” she adds reassuringly.
4. Forgotten Tampon
Vaginal odor: Very unpleasant and strong
“There have been cases where individuals sought medical help for a strong vaginal smell only to discover it was due to a tampon left in place for days, sometimes even longer,” Dr. Rosén mentions.
“In such cases, the odor intensifies quickly and becomes extremely noticeable and offensive. If you notice a rapidly escalating vaginal odor, always check for a retained tampon.”
5. Vaginal Thrush (Yeast Infection)
Vaginal odor: Yeasty
Vaginal yeast infections, like thrush, are common and usually cause itching, burning, and changes in vaginal discharge. The discharge may become thick, white, and resemble cottage cheese.
While thrush typically doesn’t cause a strong odor, Dr. Rosén advises, “If thrush symptoms are severe enough to cause a bad smell, consult a doctor to rule out other conditions.”
6. Hormonal Changes
Vaginal odor: Varies individually
Similar to odor changes during the menstrual cycle, other hormonal shifts can affect cervical mucus smell. “During menopause and post-menopause, vaginal odor can change,” Dr. Rosén states.
Pregnancy also alters cervical mucus. “You might experience increased discharge, or changes in thickness, but it shouldn’t be smelly,” Dr. Rosén explains. “If you are pregnant and have a foul-smelling discharge, consult a doctor or midwife.”
7. UTIs and Urinary Issues
Vaginal odor: Ammonia-like
An ammonia-like vaginal odor might indicate urine involvement, potentially due to a urinary tract infection (UTI). “This is more likely if a UTI is untreated and you experience leakage,” Dr. Rosén explains. “Untreated infections can also cause fever, and the odor becomes distinct and sickly.”
Occasionally, an ammonia smell might signal undiagnosed incontinence. “These issues are very common. A doctor or gynecologist can provide treatment advice.”
8. Gynecological Cancers
Vaginal odor: Metallic and sickly
In rare cases, foul-smelling discharge can be a symptom of cervical or uterine cancer. However, discharge and odor are unlikely to be the primary or initial symptoms.
“You might experience bleeding after intercourse or irregular spotting that becomes more frequent. The smell will be somewhat metallic,” Dr. Rosén clarifies. “This smell differs significantly from the fishy or rotten odors of BV or a forgotten tampon.”
Any unusual bleeding warrants a consultation with a doctor.
Can STIs Cause Vaginal Odor?
“STIs like chlamydia and gonorrhea rarely alter cervical mucus odor but can cause other symptoms such as painful urination,” Dr. Rosén explains. “If you notice an odor, it could indicate co-existing bacterial vaginosis. If uncertain, seek medical advice.”
How to Address Vaginal Odor
Many concerned about vaginal odor inquire about proper washing routines or the best feminine washes.
“Like any area prone to sweating, the vulva can develop an odor,” Dr. Rosén states. However, soaps can disrupt the vagina’s natural bacterial balance, potentially increasing BV risk. Douching is also discouraged as it can upset this balance.
The recommended hygiene practice is washing externally with water only, avoiding perfumed sanitary products and vaginal deodorants.
“For dryness due to breastfeeding, vaginal atrophy (thinning, drying, and inflammation often from lower estrogen), or recent infections, vaginal moisturizers without perfume can be used.”
When to Seek Medical Advice for Vaginal Odor
Recognizing if a vaginal smell is abnormal for you is key.
Simple lifestyle adjustments like washing with water and avoiding scented products are good starting points. While some home remedies for vaginal odor exist, like pineapple or pineapple juice, their effectiveness varies.
However, if the odor worsens or you experience other symptoms, consult a doctor.
This article received medical review and approval from Dr. Elisabeth Rosén, a medical doctor at Livi specializing in gynecology and obstetrics.
