Vaginal odor is a topic many find uncomfortable to discuss, yet understanding your body is crucial for recognizing what’s normal and when to seek medical advice. It’s important to know that some vaginal odor is perfectly natural. However, a strong or unpleasant smell can be concerning and may signal an underlying issue. If you’re wondering, “Why Does My Discharge Stink?”, you’re not alone, and this guide will help you understand the common causes, what’s considered normal, and when it’s time to consult a healthcare professional.
The vagina is a self-cleaning organ with a complex ecosystem. A healthy vagina maintains a natural bacterial flora that plays a vital role in keeping everything balanced and warding off infections. This natural bacteria is the reason why cervical mucus, and consequently, vaginal discharge, always has a scent. This scent can fluctuate throughout your menstrual cycle due to hormonal shifts and changes in vaginal pH balance.
What Does Normal Vaginal Odor Smell Like?
It’s essential to establish a baseline of what constitutes a normal vaginal odor for you. Generally, healthy vaginal odor is often described as slightly musky or tangy. Some women notice a more metallic smell, particularly around or after menstruation. This is typically due to the presence of blood. Dr. Elisabeth Rosén, a specialist in gynecology and obstetrics, explains, “Generally, if you’re feeling well and your vaginal odor or discharge isn’t unusual for you, there’s no reason to worry.” The key is to be aware of what’s typical for your body and recognize when there’s a change.
However, if you notice a distinctly unpleasant or strong odor, especially if it’s accompanied by other symptoms like itching, burning, or unusual discharge, it’s important to pay attention. So, let’s delve into some common reasons behind a smelly discharge and explore the question, “why does my discharge stink?”.
8 Common Reasons Why Your Vaginal Discharge Might Stink
If you’re concerned about “why does my discharge stink?”, it’s helpful to understand the potential causes. Here are eight common culprits behind unusual vaginal odor:
1. Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
Vaginal Odor: Fishy
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a frequent answer to the question, “why does my discharge stink?”. It’s the most common cause of unpleasant vaginal odor, affecting a significant portion of women of reproductive age. BV isn’t an infection in the traditional sense, but rather a disruption in the balance of bacteria in the vagina. “It’s a condition where there’s an imbalance in the vaginal flora,” clarifies Dr. Rosén. “The first symptom is often a fishy smell, which can progress to a frothy, grey or greenish discharge. You may also feel itchy and swollen.”
The characteristic fishy odor associated with BV is a key indicator. This smell is often more noticeable after intercourse or menstruation. Alongside the odor, you might observe a change in the discharge consistency and color, becoming thinner and greyish-white or even slightly green. Itching and irritation in the vaginal area are also common.
Fortunately, BV is treatable. If symptoms don’t resolve on their own, medical intervention is necessary. “A doctor can prescribe you a course of antiseptics or antibiotics,” advises Dr. Rosén. Metronidazole and clindamycin are commonly prescribed antibiotics for BV. Topical antiseptics are also available. However, recurrence is common after antibiotic treatment. Some research suggests that probiotics might help restore the vaginal flora balance and prevent recurrence. Dr. Rosén also suggests considering changes in contraception, particularly if you are using an intrauterine device (IUD), as it might contribute to bacterial imbalances in some individuals.
Interestingly, sexual partners can play a role in BV recurrence. While BV isn’t considered an STI, changes in a partner’s hygiene or the introduction of new bacteria can disrupt vaginal flora. Discussing hygiene practices with your partner and using condoms (both external and internal) for a period might be beneficial. In some recurrent cases, treating a male partner with antibiotics may be considered, although this is less common and not always recommended.
It’s crucial to seek medical advice if you suspect BV, especially if you are pregnant. “If you’re having these symptoms, you should see a doctor to rule out any underlying conditions that may need treatment,” Dr. Rosén emphasizes. “That’s especially important if you’re pregnant, as there’s an increased risk for premature labor associated with untreated BV.” Diagnosis is typically straightforward and involves assessing symptoms and examining vaginal discharge.
2. Trichomoniasis
Vaginal Odor: Pungent and Fishy, Similar to BV
Trichomoniasis, often called “trich,” is another possible answer to “why does my discharge stink?”. It’s the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally. Caused by a parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis, trichomoniasis often presents with subtle symptoms, making it easily overlooked. “It’s a parasitic disease that typically doesn’t cause a lot of symptoms,” explains Dr. Rosén. “Some people experience subtle symptoms like a yellowish-green vaginal discharge with an unpleasant smell, and the vulva can be a little red and itchy.”
The odor associated with trichomoniasis is often described as pungent and fishy, sometimes making it difficult to distinguish from BV based on smell alone. However, the discharge color can be a differentiating factor. Trichomoniasis discharge is frequently yellowish-green and may be frothy. Vulvar redness, itching, and discomfort during urination or intercourse can also occur. Some women with trichomoniasis experience lower abdominal pain.
Like BV, trichomoniasis is treatable with antibiotics. Metronidazole or tinidazole are commonly prescribed. It’s essential that both partners are treated to prevent reinfection. “A course of antibiotics usually clears it up,” confirms Dr. Rosén. It’s crucial to complete the entire course of medication as prescribed and abstain from sexual activity until both partners have finished treatment and are symptom-free. Left untreated, trichomoniasis can increase the risk of contracting or spreading other STIs and may lead to complications during pregnancy.
If you suspect you might have trichomoniasis due to a smelly discharge and other related symptoms, it’s crucial to seek medical testing and diagnosis. STI testing is readily available at clinics and doctor’s offices.
3. Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
Vaginal Odor: Very Unpleasant, But Odor is Generally a Minor Symptom
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare but serious condition that, while sometimes associated with vaginal odor, is primarily identified by its systemic symptoms. Historically linked to the use of high-absorbency tampons, TSS is caused by toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. “If this bacteria enters your system, you get very sick very quickly. You’ll get a high fever, blood pressure changes and possibly a rash and diarrhea or vomiting, and you might feel faint,” describes Dr. Rosén.
While a very unpleasant vaginal odor might be present in TSS, it’s overshadowed by the severity of other symptoms. The rapid onset of high fever, flu-like symptoms, dizziness, rash (resembling sunburn), and potentially vomiting and diarrhea are the hallmark signs. Changes in blood pressure can lead to lightheadedness or fainting.
TSS is a medical emergency requiring immediate attention. “If you experience these symptoms, you should go straight to A&E,” advises Dr. Rosén. Prompt medical treatment, including antibiotics and supportive care, is critical. While TSS cases are now rare due to changes in tampon manufacturing and increased awareness, it’s important to be aware of the symptoms, especially if you use tampons. Changing tampons frequently (every 4-8 hours) and using the lowest absorbency necessary can help reduce the risk.
4. A Forgotten Tampon
Vaginal Odor: Extremely Unpleasant, Foul
One surprisingly common, and easily remedied, answer to “why does my discharge stink?” is a forgotten tampon. It happens more often than you might think. “There have been instances of people seeking help for a bad vagina smell and finding it’s caused by a tampon that’s been left in for days, sometimes longer,” notes Dr. Rosén.
The odor from a retained tampon is typically very distinctive and intensely unpleasant. As the tampon sits in the vagina, it becomes a breeding ground for bacteria, leading to a strong, foul-smelling discharge. The smell often escalates rapidly and becomes unmistakably offensive. Besides the odor, you might experience vaginal irritation, discomfort, or discharge.
If you suspect a forgotten tampon, gently check inside your vagina with clean fingers. If you can feel a tampon string or the tampon itself, carefully remove it. Often, simply removing the tampon resolves the odor issue quickly. However, if the tampon has been in place for a prolonged period, or if you develop signs of infection like fever, pelvic pain, or persistent foul odor even after removal, it’s important to seek medical advice to rule out any complications. In rare cases, a retained tampon can lead to more serious infections.
5. Vaginal Thrush (Yeast Infection)
Vaginal Odor: Yeasty
Vaginal yeast infections, or thrush, are incredibly common and frequently cause vaginal discomfort, but they are less likely to be the primary answer to “why does my discharge stink?”. Thrush is caused by an overgrowth of Candida fungus in the vagina. Typical symptoms include intense itching, burning, and changes in vaginal discharge. The discharge in thrush is often described as thick, white, and resembling cottage cheese or curdled milk.
While thrush discharge can have a mild, yeasty smell, it’s generally not described as foul or intensely smelly. “This discharge usually isn’t very smelly, though. If your thrush symptoms are so pronounced that there’s a bad smell, you should see a doctor to rule out any underlying conditions,” advises Dr. Rosén. A strong or foul odor in conjunction with typical thrush symptoms might indicate a mixed infection, such as thrush co-occurring with BV.
Over-the-counter antifungal creams or suppositories are often effective in treating uncomplicated thrush. However, if symptoms are severe, recurrent, or accompanied by a strong odor, medical evaluation is recommended to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other potential causes.
6. Hormonal Changes
Vaginal Odor: Individual, Varies
Hormonal fluctuations throughout a woman’s life can influence vaginal odor. Just as menstrual cycle changes alter vaginal scent, other hormonal shifts can also affect cervical mucus and odor. “During menopause and in the post-menopausal years, the smell can change,” explains Dr. Rosén. Lower estrogen levels during menopause can lead to vaginal dryness and changes in vaginal flora, potentially affecting odor.
Pregnancy also causes hormonal changes that impact vaginal discharge. “You may have more discharge, or sometimes it’s thicker or thinner, but it shouldn’t be smelly,” Dr. Rosén clarifies. While an increase in odorless discharge is normal during pregnancy, a foul-smelling discharge is not. “If you’re pregnant and have a foul-smelling discharge, you should speak to a doctor or midwife” immediately, as it could indicate an infection that needs prompt treatment to protect both mother and baby.
7. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) and Urinary Issues
Vaginal Odor: Ammonia-like
An ammonia-like vaginal odor might indicate the presence of urine and could be linked to urinary tract infections (UTIs) or incontinence. “If you experience an ammonia-like vaginal odor, urine might be involved. This can happen if you have a urinary tract infection (UTI),” says Dr. Rosén. Untreated UTIs can sometimes lead to urinary leakage, contributing to an ammonia smell. “This is more likely if a UTI is left untreated and you might be leaking,” she adds.
Besides the odor, UTI symptoms typically include painful urination, frequent urge to urinate, and pelvic discomfort. An untreated UTI can also cause fever and a more distinct, sickly smell.
In some cases, an ammonia-like odor might signal urinary incontinence, even if you’re not aware of leaking urine. “Occasionally, an ammonia-like smell can be a sign of an existing incontinence issue that you’re unaware of,” notes Dr. Rosén. Urinary incontinence is common, and various treatment options are available. If you notice an ammonia-like vaginal odor, especially if accompanied by UTI symptoms or concerns about bladder control, consult a doctor for evaluation and guidance.
8. Gynecological Cancers
Vaginal Odor: Metallic and Sickly
While rare, a persistent foul-smelling vaginal discharge can, in very rare instances, be a symptom of gynecological cancers, such as cervical or uterine cancer. However, it’s crucial to emphasize that vaginal odor is unlikely to be the primary or initial symptom of these conditions.
“Very rarely, foul-smelling discharge can be a symptom of cervical or uterine cancer. Discharge and vaginal odour are unlikely to be the only or first symptoms, though,” Dr. Rosén reassures. More commonly, symptoms of gynecological cancers include abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding after intercourse or between periods, pelvic pain, and unexplained weight loss.
The odor associated with cancer-related discharge is often described as metallic and sickly, distinct from the fishy or rotten smells of infections or a forgotten tampon. “You might have experienced bleeding during intercourse, or perhaps occasional spotting that becomes more regular. The smell will be a little metallic,” explains Dr. Rosén. “The smell is very different from the fishy or rotten smells of BV or a forgotten tampon.”
Any unusual vaginal bleeding should always be promptly evaluated by a doctor. While foul-smelling discharge alone is rarely indicative of cancer, it’s important to be aware of all potential symptoms and seek medical attention for any concerning changes in vaginal health.
Can STIs Cause Vaginal Odor?
Many people wonder if sexually transmitted infections are a common cause of smelly discharge. While some STIs, like trichomoniasis, are associated with odor, others are less likely to directly cause a strong vaginal smell.
“STIs like chlamydia and gonorrhea rarely change the smell of the cervical mucus but can cause other symptoms like pain when peeing,” explains Dr. Rosén. Chlamydia and gonorrhea are often asymptomatic, but when symptoms do occur, they typically include painful urination, abnormal vaginal discharge (which may be increased but not necessarily foul-smelling), and pelvic pain.
However, Dr. Rosén also points out a potential link: “If you notice a smell, it might be that you’ve also got bacterial vaginosis.” STIs can sometimes disrupt the vaginal flora, indirectly increasing the risk of developing BV. Therefore, if you have concerns about STI exposure and notice a smelly discharge, it’s wise to get tested for both STIs and BV. “If in doubt, talk to a doctor for advice,” she recommends.
How to Address Vaginal Odor
If you’re concerned about vaginal odor and asking “why does my discharge stink?”, you’re likely looking for solutions. It’s important to approach vaginal hygiene gently and avoid harsh products that can disrupt the delicate balance of the vagina. Many commercially available feminine washes and douches are marketed for odor control, but they can actually worsen the problem.
“Like any part of the body that gets sweaty, the area around the vulva can get smelly,” acknowledges Dr. Rosén. However, she strongly advises against using soaps inside the vagina or douching. “But soaps can disturb the natural balance of the vaginal bacterial flora and possibly increase the risk of bacterial vaginosis. Douching – a method of washing out or rinsing the vagina – can do the same.”
The best way to cleanse the vulva (the external genitals) is with plain water. Avoid perfumed soaps, washes, wipes, and sanitary pads, as these can irritate the sensitive vaginal area and disrupt the natural pH balance. Douching is particularly discouraged as it washes away healthy bacteria and increases the risk of infections.
For vaginal dryness, especially due to breastfeeding, menopause, or recent infections, vaginal moisturizers can be helpful. “If you’re very dry as a result of breastfeeding, vaginal atrophy (the thinning, drying and inflammation of the vaginal walls, often caused by lower oestrogen levels) or a recent infection, you can use vaginal moisturizers – but nothing with perfume,” advises Dr. Rosén. Choose fragrance-free, water-based lubricants or moisturizers if needed.
When to Seek Medical Advice for Vaginal Odor
Recognizing when vaginal odor is abnormal for you is key. If you notice a change from your baseline, or if the odor is strong, foul, or accompanied by other symptoms, it’s time to consider medical consultation.
Making simple lifestyle adjustments, such as using only water for external washing and avoiding perfumed products, is a good first step. You might also encounter various home remedies for vaginal odor, such as dietary changes like consuming pineapple or pineapple juice. While some anecdotal evidence suggests these might help, scientific evidence is limited, and they may not be effective for everyone.
“But if the smell seems to be getting worse or you have other symptoms too, speak to a doctor,” advises Dr. Rosén. Accompanying symptoms that warrant medical attention include:
- Changes in vaginal discharge (color, consistency)
- Vaginal itching, burning, or irritation
- Pelvic pain
- Painful urination
- Bleeding between periods or after intercourse
It’s always better to err on the side of caution when it comes to vaginal health. If you’re concerned about “why does my discharge stink?” and home remedies are not providing relief, or if you have any concerning symptoms, schedule an appointment with your doctor or gynecologist for proper diagnosis and treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment of conditions like BV, trichomoniasis, and UTIs are crucial for preventing complications and maintaining overall health.
This article has been medically reviewed and approved by Dr. Elisabeth Rosén, a medical doctor specializing in gynecology and obstetrics at Livi.
