Why Do Kids Suck Their Thumb: Causes & Solutions

Why Do Kids Suck Their Thumb? It’s a common question among parents, and at WHY.EDU.VN, we aim to provide comprehensive answers, exploring the reasons behind this behavior and offering effective solutions. Understanding this habit, its potential dental implications, and various strategies to help children stop is crucial, and we’ll delve into it, considering different child development milestones and thumb-sucking cessation techniques.

1. Understanding Thumb Sucking: A Comprehensive Overview

Thumb sucking is a prevalent habit among infants and young children, often starting in utero and continuing into early childhood. This behavior typically involves placing the thumb or fingers in the mouth and rhythmically sucking on them. While it’s often considered a normal part of development, understanding the reasons behind it and its potential consequences is essential for parents and caregivers.

1.1. The Prevalence of Thumb Sucking in Children

Thumb sucking is most common in babies and toddlers, with many children starting the habit before they are even born. Studies have shown that approximately 70-90% of infants engage in some form of non-nutritive sucking, which includes thumb sucking, pacifier use, and finger sucking. As children grow older, the prevalence of thumb sucking tends to decrease, but some children continue the habit well into their preschool years. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, thumb sucking is generally not a cause for concern in children under the age of 4. However, persistent thumb sucking beyond this age may lead to dental and social issues.

Age Group Prevalence of Thumb Sucking
Infants 70-90%
Toddlers 50-70%
Preschoolers 20-30%
School-aged 5-10%

1.2. Common Reasons Why Children Suck Their Thumbs

There are several reasons why children suck their thumbs. Understanding these reasons can help parents address the underlying causes and find appropriate strategies to help their children stop.

  • Comfort and Security: One of the primary reasons children suck their thumbs is for comfort and security. Thumb sucking can be a self-soothing mechanism that helps children feel calm and relaxed, especially when they are tired, bored, anxious, or stressed.
  • Natural Reflex: Sucking is a natural reflex for babies, and thumb sucking can be a way for them to satisfy this innate need. Infants are born with a strong sucking instinct that helps them feed and feel content.
  • Habit: Over time, thumb sucking can become a habit that children engage in without even realizing it. This can be especially true if the habit started in infancy and has continued for several years.
  • Dealing with Emotions: Thumb sucking can also be a way for children to cope with difficult emotions, such as sadness, fear, or frustration. It provides a sense of comfort and stability during challenging times.

1.3. The Role of Thumb Sucking in Child Development

Thumb sucking plays a significant role in child development, particularly in the early years. It can help infants and toddlers regulate their emotions, develop self-soothing skills, and explore their environment. During infancy, sucking is closely linked to feeding and provides a sense of nourishment and satisfaction. As children grow, thumb sucking can become a way to transition between activities, manage stress, and promote relaxation.

1.4. Distinguishing Normal Thumb Sucking from Problematic Thumb Sucking

While thumb sucking is generally considered normal in young children, it’s essential to distinguish between typical behavior and problematic thumb sucking. Normal thumb sucking usually occurs sporadically and does not cause any physical or social harm. Problematic thumb sucking, on the other hand, is characterized by frequent and intense sucking that may lead to dental issues, speech problems, and social stigma. Factors to consider when assessing thumb sucking include:

  • Frequency and Intensity: How often and how vigorously does the child suck their thumb?
  • Duration: How long does the thumb sucking last each time?
  • Age: Is the child still sucking their thumb beyond the age of 4 or 5?
  • Physical Effects: Are there any signs of dental problems, such as misaligned teeth or changes in the shape of the mouth?
  • Social Impact: Is the child being teased or experiencing social difficulties due to thumb sucking?

2. Potential Dental and Health Implications of Thumb Sucking

While thumb sucking is often a harmless habit in young children, prolonged and vigorous thumb sucking can lead to various dental and health issues. Understanding these potential consequences is crucial for parents to make informed decisions about how to address the habit.

2.1. Dental Problems Associated with Prolonged Thumb Sucking

Prolonged thumb sucking can exert pressure on the teeth and jaw, leading to misalignments and other dental problems. The specific dental issues that may arise depend on the intensity, frequency, and duration of the thumb sucking, as well as the child’s age and dental development. Some of the most common dental problems associated with prolonged thumb sucking include:

  • Overbite: This occurs when the upper front teeth protrude significantly beyond the lower front teeth. Thumb sucking can push the upper teeth forward and the lower teeth backward, creating an exaggerated overbite.
  • Open Bite: An open bite is characterized by a gap between the upper and lower front teeth when the mouth is closed. Thumb sucking can prevent the front teeth from erupting properly, resulting in an open bite.
  • Crossbite: This occurs when some of the upper teeth sit inside the lower teeth. Thumb sucking can affect the alignment of the jaw and teeth, leading to a crossbite.
  • Speech Problems: In some cases, prolonged thumb sucking can contribute to speech problems, such as a lisp or difficulty pronouncing certain sounds. The altered position of the teeth and tongue can affect speech development.

2.2. Impact on Speech Development

Thumb sucking can influence the development of speech, particularly the articulation of certain sounds. The habit can affect the position and movement of the tongue, lips, and teeth, which are all crucial for clear and accurate speech. Children who suck their thumbs frequently may develop a lisp, which is a speech impediment characterized by difficulty pronouncing the “s” and “z” sounds. Additionally, thumb sucking can affect the development of the palate, which can further impact speech articulation.

2.3. Social and Psychological Effects of Thumb Sucking

In addition to the physical and dental effects, thumb sucking can also have social and psychological consequences, especially as children grow older. While thumb sucking is generally accepted in infants and toddlers, it can become a source of embarrassment and teasing for older children. This can lead to feelings of self-consciousness, anxiety, and social isolation.

  • Teasing and Bullying: Older children who suck their thumbs may be teased or bullied by their peers, which can negatively impact their self-esteem and social development.
  • Self-Consciousness: Children who are aware that their thumb sucking is not socially acceptable may become self-conscious and try to hide the habit from others.
  • Anxiety: The pressure to stop thumb sucking can cause anxiety and stress, especially if the child is not ready or willing to give up the habit.

2.4. When to Seek Professional Help

It is important to seek professional help if the thumb sucking habit persists beyond the age of 4 or 5, or if it is causing dental or social problems. A dentist, orthodontist, or pediatrician can assess the child’s specific situation and provide guidance on the best course of action. They can also offer support and resources to help the child stop thumb sucking successfully. For expert advice and tailored solutions, consult with the professionals at WHY.EDU.VN. Contact us at 101 Curiosity Lane, Answer Town, CA 90210, United States or Whatsapp: +1 (213) 555-0101.

Problem When to Seek Help
Persistent thumb sucking Beyond age 4 or 5
Dental problems Misaligned teeth, overbite, open bite, crossbite
Speech problems Lisp, difficulty pronouncing certain sounds
Social and psychological effects Teasing, bullying, self-consciousness, anxiety

3. Effective Strategies to Help Children Stop Thumb Sucking

There are several effective strategies that parents can use to help their children stop thumb sucking. The best approach will depend on the child’s age, personality, and the reasons behind their thumb sucking habit. It’s essential to be patient, supportive, and understanding throughout the process.

3.1. Positive Reinforcement Techniques

Positive reinforcement is a powerful tool for encouraging children to stop thumb sucking. This involves rewarding and praising the child for their efforts, rather than punishing or criticizing them for sucking their thumb. Some examples of positive reinforcement techniques include:

  • Verbal Praise: Offer sincere and specific praise when you see your child not sucking their thumb. For example, “I’m so proud of you for keeping your thumb out of your mouth!”
  • Reward Charts: Create a reward chart where your child can earn stickers or stars for each day or week that they don’t suck their thumb. Once they reach a certain number of stickers, they can earn a special reward, such as a small toy or a trip to the park.
  • Small Rewards: Offer small, immediate rewards for not sucking their thumb in specific situations, such as during story time or while watching TV.
  • Focus on Progress: Celebrate small victories and focus on the progress your child is making, rather than dwelling on setbacks.

3.2. Identifying and Addressing Underlying Causes

It’s essential to identify and address the underlying causes of thumb sucking to effectively help children stop the habit. If the child is sucking their thumb due to anxiety or stress, it’s crucial to find ways to help them manage these emotions. Some strategies for addressing underlying causes include:

  • Talking to Your Child: Have an open and honest conversation with your child about why they suck their thumb. Try to understand their feelings and identify any triggers or stressors.
  • Providing Comfort and Security: Ensure that your child feels loved, supported, and secure. Spend quality time with them, offer reassurance, and create a calm and nurturing environment.
  • Teaching Coping Skills: Help your child develop healthy coping skills for managing stress and anxiety. This may include deep breathing exercises, relaxation techniques, or engaging in enjoyable activities.
  • Addressing Boredom: If your child sucks their thumb out of boredom, provide them with stimulating activities and opportunities for play and exploration.

3.3. Physical Reminders and Barriers

Physical reminders and barriers can be effective in helping children become more aware of their thumb sucking habit and prevent them from doing it unconsciously. Some examples of physical reminders and barriers include:

  • Thumb Guards: These are small plastic or fabric covers that fit over the thumb and make it difficult to suck.
  • Gloves or Socks: Having the child wear gloves or socks on their hands, especially at night, can prevent them from sucking their thumb while they sleep.
  • Bandages: Placing a bandage on the thumb can serve as a visual reminder and make it less appealing to suck.
  • Bitter-Tasting Nail Polish: Applying a bitter-tasting nail polish to the thumb can discourage thumb sucking, as the unpleasant taste will deter the child from putting their thumb in their mouth.

3.4. Gradual Reduction Techniques

Gradual reduction techniques involve slowly decreasing the amount of time that the child spends sucking their thumb. This can be a more gentle and less stressful approach than trying to stop the habit cold turkey. Some examples of gradual reduction techniques include:

  • Limiting Thumb Sucking to Certain Times: Start by limiting thumb sucking to specific times of the day, such as during naps or bedtime.
  • Reducing the Duration: Gradually decrease the amount of time that the child is allowed to suck their thumb during these designated times.
  • Offering Alternatives: Provide the child with alternative ways to comfort themselves, such as cuddling a stuffed animal or listening to calming music.

3.5. Professional Interventions: When and How

In some cases, professional intervention may be necessary to help children stop thumb sucking. A dentist, orthodontist, or therapist can provide specialized support and guidance to address the habit. Some professional interventions include:

  • Dental Appliances: A dentist or orthodontist may recommend a dental appliance, such as a palatal crib or a tongue crib, to discourage thumb sucking. These appliances are designed to make it uncomfortable or impossible to suck the thumb.
  • Therapy: A therapist can help children identify and address the underlying emotional issues that may be contributing to their thumb sucking habit. They can also teach children coping skills and relaxation techniques to manage stress and anxiety.
  • Behavioral Modification: A therapist can use behavioral modification techniques, such as habit reversal training, to help children break the thumb sucking habit.
Strategy Description Benefits
Positive Reinforcement Rewarding and praising the child for their efforts Encourages desired behavior, boosts self-esteem
Addressing Underlying Causes Identifying and addressing the reasons behind thumb sucking Resolves the root of the problem, promotes emotional well-being
Physical Reminders and Barriers Using thumb guards, gloves, or bandages to prevent thumb sucking Provides a physical deterrent, increases awareness of the habit
Gradual Reduction Techniques Slowly decreasing the amount of time spent thumb sucking Gentle approach, reduces stress and anxiety
Professional Interventions Seeking help from a dentist, orthodontist, or therapist Provides specialized support, addresses complex issues

4. The Psychological Aspects of Thumb Sucking

Thumb sucking is not merely a physical habit; it is also deeply intertwined with psychological and emotional factors. Understanding these aspects is crucial for effectively addressing the habit in children.

4.1. Thumb Sucking as a Self-Soothing Mechanism

For many children, thumb sucking serves as a self-soothing mechanism, providing comfort and security during times of stress, anxiety, or boredom. This behavior is often rooted in early infancy, where sucking is associated with feeding and a sense of contentment. As children grow, they may continue to use thumb sucking as a way to regulate their emotions and cope with challenging situations.

4.2. The Role of Anxiety and Stress

Anxiety and stress can play a significant role in thumb sucking. Children who are experiencing stress at home, school, or in their social lives may turn to thumb sucking as a way to calm themselves and feel more secure. It’s important to identify and address the sources of stress in a child’s life to help them break the thumb sucking habit.

4.3. Addressing Emotional Needs

To effectively address thumb sucking, it’s crucial to focus on the child’s emotional needs. This may involve providing them with more attention, affection, and reassurance, as well as helping them develop healthy coping skills for managing stress and anxiety. Encourage open communication and create a safe space for the child to express their feelings.

4.4. Building Self-Esteem and Confidence

Low self-esteem and lack of confidence can also contribute to thumb sucking. Children who feel insecure or inadequate may turn to thumb sucking as a way to comfort themselves and feel more in control. Helping children build their self-esteem and confidence is essential for breaking the thumb sucking habit. This can involve praising their accomplishments, encouraging them to try new things, and providing them with opportunities to succeed.

4.5. The Importance of Patience and Understanding

It’s important to approach the thumb sucking habit with patience and understanding. Punishing or criticizing the child will likely only exacerbate the problem and create more anxiety. Instead, offer support, encouragement, and positive reinforcement to help the child gradually break the habit. Remember that thumb sucking is often a deeply ingrained behavior, and it may take time and effort to overcome it.

Psychological Aspect Description Strategies for Addressing
Self-Soothing Mechanism Thumb sucking provides comfort and security during times of stress, anxiety, or boredom. Provide alternative comfort strategies, such as cuddling a stuffed animal or listening to calming music.
Role of Anxiety and Stress Anxiety and stress can trigger thumb sucking as a way to calm themselves. Identify and address the sources of stress, teach coping skills, and create a calm and supportive environment.
Addressing Emotional Needs Focusing on the child’s emotional needs, such as providing attention, affection, and reassurance. Encourage open communication, spend quality time with the child, and create a safe space for them to express their feelings.
Building Self-Esteem Low self-esteem and lack of confidence can contribute to thumb sucking. Praise accomplishments, encourage new experiences, and provide opportunities for success.
Patience and Understanding Approaching the thumb sucking habit with patience and understanding, avoiding punishment or criticism. Offer support, encouragement, and positive reinforcement, and remember that it may take time and effort to overcome the habit.

5. Thumb Sucking in Older Children: Addressing the Stigma

While thumb sucking is common in young children, it can become a source of stigma and embarrassment for older children. Addressing this stigma is crucial for helping older children break the habit and maintain their self-esteem.

5.1. Understanding the Social Impact

Older children who suck their thumbs may face teasing, bullying, and social isolation. This can lead to feelings of shame, anxiety, and low self-esteem. It’s important to acknowledge the social impact of thumb sucking and provide support to help children cope with these challenges.

5.2. Open Communication with Children

Open communication is essential for addressing the stigma of thumb sucking. Talk to your child about their feelings and experiences, and let them know that you understand their struggles. Encourage them to share their thoughts and emotions, and provide them with reassurance and support.

5.3. Educating Peers and Family Members

Educating peers and family members about thumb sucking can help reduce the stigma and create a more supportive environment. Explain that thumb sucking is a common habit that many children eventually outgrow, and that teasing or bullying is not acceptable. Encourage empathy and understanding, and promote a culture of acceptance and support.

5.4. Seeking Professional Support

In some cases, professional support may be necessary to help older children cope with the stigma of thumb sucking. A therapist can provide counseling and support to address feelings of shame, anxiety, and low self-esteem. They can also help children develop coping skills for managing teasing and bullying.

5.5. Focusing on Empowerment and Confidence

Focus on empowering older children to take control of their thumb sucking habit. Help them set realistic goals, track their progress, and celebrate their successes. Encourage them to participate in activities that build their self-esteem and confidence, such as sports, hobbies, or volunteer work. By focusing on empowerment and confidence, you can help older children overcome the stigma of thumb sucking and break the habit successfully.

Aspect of Stigma Description Strategies for Addressing
Social Impact Older children may face teasing, bullying, and social isolation, leading to feelings of shame and low self-esteem. Acknowledge the social impact and provide support to help children cope with these challenges.
Open Communication Talking to your child about their feelings and experiences, providing reassurance and support. Encourage them to share their thoughts and emotions, and let them know that you understand their struggles.
Educating Others Explaining thumb sucking to peers and family members, promoting empathy and understanding. Encourage a culture of acceptance and support, and explain that teasing or bullying is not acceptable.
Professional Support Seeking counseling and support from a therapist to address feelings of shame, anxiety, and low self-esteem. Help children develop coping skills for managing teasing and bullying.
Empowerment Focusing on empowering older children to take control of their thumb sucking habit, setting realistic goals, and celebrating successes. Encourage participation in activities that build self-esteem and confidence, such as sports, hobbies, or volunteer work.

6. When Is Thumb Sucking a Sign of a Deeper Issue?

While thumb sucking is often a normal behavior in young children, there are times when it may be a sign of a deeper underlying issue. Recognizing these signs is crucial for providing appropriate support and intervention.

6.1. Excessive Thumb Sucking

Excessive thumb sucking, characterized by frequent and intense sucking that interferes with daily activities, may indicate underlying emotional or behavioral problems. This can include anxiety, stress, depression, or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

6.2. Thumb Sucking with Other Self-Soothing Behaviors

If thumb sucking is accompanied by other self-soothing behaviors, such as hair pulling, nail biting, or skin picking, it may be a sign of a more significant anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

6.3. Regression in Thumb Sucking

A sudden increase in thumb sucking after a period of abstinence may indicate a regression due to stress, trauma, or a significant life change. This can be a sign that the child is struggling to cope with a difficult situation and needs additional support.

6.4. Thumb Sucking and Developmental Delays

In some cases, thumb sucking may be associated with developmental delays or disabilities. Children with developmental delays may continue to suck their thumbs longer than their peers, as they may have difficulty developing alternative coping mechanisms.

6.5. Seeking Professional Evaluation

If you are concerned that your child’s thumb sucking may be a sign of a deeper issue, it’s important to seek a professional evaluation from a pediatrician, therapist, or developmental specialist. They can assess the child’s overall development, emotional well-being, and behavior, and provide appropriate recommendations for treatment and support.

Sign of Deeper Issue Description Recommended Action
Excessive Thumb Sucking Frequent and intense sucking that interferes with daily activities. Seek evaluation for potential anxiety, stress, depression, or ADHD.
Other Self-Soothing Behaviors Thumb sucking accompanied by hair pulling, nail biting, or skin picking. Seek evaluation for potential anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Regression in Thumb Sucking Sudden increase in thumb sucking after a period of abstinence. Identify potential stressors or traumas and provide additional support.
Developmental Delays Thumb sucking associated with developmental delays or disabilities. Seek evaluation from a developmental specialist for appropriate interventions and support.

7. Alternatives to Thumb Sucking: Healthy Coping Mechanisms

Helping children develop healthy coping mechanisms is essential for breaking the thumb sucking habit and promoting emotional well-being. There are several alternatives to thumb sucking that can provide comfort, security, and stress relief.

7.1. Comfort Objects

Providing a comfort object, such as a stuffed animal, blanket, or special toy, can help children feel secure and comforted without sucking their thumb. Encourage the child to carry their comfort object with them during times of stress or anxiety.

7.2. Relaxation Techniques

Teaching children relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, or guided imagery, can help them manage stress and anxiety without turning to thumb sucking.

7.3. Physical Activity

Engaging in physical activity, such as sports, dancing, or playing outdoors, can help children release energy and reduce stress. Regular physical activity can also improve mood and promote overall well-being.

7.4. Creative Outlets

Providing children with creative outlets, such as drawing, painting, writing, or playing music, can help them express their emotions and manage stress. Creative activities can also boost self-esteem and provide a sense of accomplishment.

7.5. Social Interaction

Encouraging social interaction with friends and family can help children feel connected, supported, and loved. Spending time with loved ones can also provide a distraction from stress and anxiety.

Alternative Description Benefits
Comfort Objects Providing a stuffed animal, blanket, or special toy for comfort and security. Provides a sense of security and comfort, reduces reliance on thumb sucking.
Relaxation Techniques Teaching deep breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, or guided imagery. Helps manage stress and anxiety, promotes relaxation and emotional well-being.
Physical Activity Engaging in sports, dancing, or playing outdoors. Releases energy, reduces stress, improves mood, and promotes overall well-being.
Creative Outlets Providing opportunities for drawing, painting, writing, or playing music. Helps express emotions, manage stress, boosts self-esteem, and provides a sense of accomplishment.
Social Interaction Encouraging social interaction with friends and family. Provides a sense of connection, support, and love, distracts from stress and anxiety.

8. Expert Tips for Parents: Navigating the Thumb Sucking Journey

Navigating the thumb sucking journey can be challenging for parents. Here are some expert tips to help you support your child and break the habit successfully.

8.1. Start with Empathy and Understanding

Begin by understanding why your child sucks their thumb. Empathy is crucial. Avoid scolding or punishing them, as this can increase anxiety and make the habit worse.

8.2. Create a Supportive Environment

Foster a supportive and non-judgmental environment. Let your child know that you are there to help them, and that you believe in their ability to break the habit.

8.3. Identify Triggers

Work with your child to identify the triggers that lead to thumb sucking. This can include stress, boredom, or fatigue. Once you know the triggers, you can develop strategies for managing them.

8.4. Use Positive Reinforcement

Focus on positive reinforcement, such as praise, rewards, and encouragement. Celebrate your child’s successes, no matter how small.

8.5. Be Patient and Persistent

Breaking the thumb sucking habit takes time and effort. Be patient with your child, and don’t give up. Consistency is key.

8.6. Seek Professional Guidance

If you are struggling to help your child break the thumb sucking habit on your own, don’t hesitate to seek professional guidance from a pediatrician, dentist, or therapist. why.edu.vn is here to support you; reach out with your questions.

Expert Tip Description Benefits
Start with Empathy Understand why your child sucks their thumb and avoid scolding or punishing them. Creates a positive and supportive environment, reduces anxiety, and promotes cooperation.
Create a Supportive Environment Foster a non-judgmental environment and let your child know that you are there to help them. Builds trust and encourages open communication, making it easier to address the habit.
Identify Triggers Work with your child to identify the triggers that lead to thumb sucking. Helps you develop strategies for managing the triggers and preventing thumb sucking.
Use Positive Reinforcement Focus on praise, rewards, and encouragement. Motivates the child, builds self-esteem, and reinforces desired behaviors.
Be Patient and Persistent Breaking the thumb sucking habit takes time and effort. Ensures consistency and increases the likelihood of success.
Seek Professional Guidance If you are struggling, don’t hesitate to seek help from a pediatrician, dentist, or therapist. Provides expert advice, support, and tailored solutions for your child’s specific needs.

9. FAQs About Thumb Sucking

Here are some frequently asked questions about thumb sucking, along with expert answers to help you better understand the habit and how to address it.

9.1. Is thumb sucking always harmful?

No, thumb sucking is generally not harmful in infants and young children. However, prolonged and vigorous thumb sucking can lead to dental and social problems.

9.2. At what age should I be concerned about thumb sucking?

You should be concerned about thumb sucking if it persists beyond the age of 4 or 5, or if it is causing dental or social problems.

9.3. How can I help my child stop sucking their thumb?

There are several effective strategies to help children stop thumb sucking, including positive reinforcement, addressing underlying causes, physical reminders, gradual reduction techniques, and professional interventions.

9.4. Should I punish my child for sucking their thumb?

No, punishing your child for sucking their thumb is not recommended. This can increase anxiety and make the habit worse.

9.5. What are some alternative coping mechanisms for thumb sucking?

Alternative coping mechanisms for thumb sucking include comfort objects, relaxation techniques, physical activity, creative outlets, and social interaction.

9.6. Is it normal for my child to suck their thumb at night?

Yes, it is normal for children to suck their thumb at night, especially if they are tired or anxious.

9.7. Can thumb sucking affect speech development?

In some cases, prolonged thumb sucking can affect speech development, particularly the articulation of certain sounds.

9.8. When should I seek professional help for thumb sucking?

You should seek professional help if the thumb sucking habit persists beyond the age of 4 or 5, or if it is causing dental or social problems.

9.9. What kind of professional can help with thumb sucking?

A pediatrician, dentist, orthodontist, or therapist can provide specialized support and guidance to address the thumb sucking habit.

9.10. How long does it take to break the thumb sucking habit?

The time it takes to break the thumb sucking habit varies depending on the child, the strategies used, and the consistency of the approach. Be patient and persistent, and celebrate small victories along the way.

10. Resources and Support for Parents

Finding the right resources and support can make a significant difference in helping your child overcome thumb sucking.

Comments

No comments yet. Why don’t you start the discussion?

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *