Why Do I Need to Pee So Much? Causes, Treatment

Why Do I Need To Pee So Much? At WHY.EDU.VN, we understand that frequent urination can be disruptive and concerning. We provide an easy-to-understand, reliable explanation of the various causes of frequent urination, from simple lifestyle factors to underlying medical conditions. This knowledge empowers you to understand your body and take proactive steps toward better health, exploring potential diagnosis and management options.

1. Understanding Frequent Urination

Frequent urination, also known as urinary frequency, is the need to urinate more often than what’s typical for you. What’s typical can vary, but generally, most people urinate about 6 to 8 times in a 24-hour period. If you find yourself going much more often, especially if it’s accompanied by a strong urge or occurs frequently at night (nocturia), it’s worth investigating the cause. Understanding this condition is the first step toward finding relief and addressing any potential underlying issues and learn about bladder control.

2. What is Normal Urination Frequency?

Normal urination frequency varies from person to person, influenced by factors such as age, fluid intake, bladder capacity, and overall health. Generally, urinating 6 to 8 times within a 24-hour period is considered within the normal range for many adults. However, this can change based on individual habits and circumstances.

• Fluid Intake: Drinking a lot of fluids, especially over a short period, will naturally increase how often you need to urinate.
• Bladder Capacity: The size of your bladder affects how much urine it can hold.
• Age: As you age, bladder capacity may decrease, leading to more frequent trips to the bathroom.
• Medications: Certain medications, like diuretics, increase urine production.
• Medical Conditions: Conditions like diabetes or urinary tract infections (UTIs) can also affect urination frequency.

3. Common Causes of Frequent Urination

Several factors can contribute to frequent urination. Here’s a breakdown of some of the most common causes:

3.1. High Fluid Intake

Drinking excessive amounts of fluids, particularly beverages with caffeine or alcohol, can lead to increased urine production. Caffeine and alcohol are diuretics, meaning they encourage the kidneys to release more fluid.

3.2. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

UTIs are a common cause of frequent urination, especially in women. The infection irritates the bladder and urinary tract, leading to a frequent and urgent need to urinate, even when the bladder is not full. Other symptoms of a UTI may include:

• Burning sensation during urination
• Cloudy or strong-smelling urine
• Pelvic pain

3.3. Overactive Bladder (OAB)

Overactive bladder is a condition where the bladder muscles contract involuntarily, creating a sudden urge to urinate. This urge can be difficult to control, leading to frequent urination and, sometimes, urge incontinence (leakage of urine).

3.4. Diabetes

Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes can cause frequent urination. When blood sugar levels are high, the kidneys try to get rid of the excess glucose through urine, leading to increased urine production. Frequent urination can be an early sign of diabetes, so it’s important to see a doctor if you experience this symptom along with:

• Excessive thirst
• Unexplained weight loss
• Increased hunger

3.5. Interstitial Cystitis (IC)

Interstitial cystitis, also known as painful bladder syndrome, is a chronic condition that causes bladder pain and frequent urination. The exact cause of IC is unknown, but it’s thought to involve inflammation of the bladder lining.

3.6. Pregnancy

During pregnancy, hormonal changes and the growing uterus can put pressure on the bladder, leading to frequent urination. This is especially common during the first and third trimesters.

3.7. Diuretics

Diuretics are medications that increase urine production. They are often prescribed to treat conditions like high blood pressure or edema (fluid retention). If you’re taking a diuretic, frequent urination is a common side effect.

3.8. Prostate Issues (in Men)

An enlarged prostate, also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), is a common condition in older men. The enlarged prostate can press on the urethra, making it difficult to empty the bladder completely. This can lead to frequent urination, especially at night.

3.9. Neurological Conditions

Certain neurological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease, and stroke, can affect bladder control and lead to frequent urination. These conditions can disrupt the nerve signals between the brain and the bladder, causing the bladder to contract involuntarily.

3.10. Anxiety

Anxiety can sometimes trigger frequent urination. When you’re anxious, your body goes into “fight or flight” mode, which can affect bladder control. Additionally, some people may unconsciously tense their pelvic floor muscles when they’re anxious, which can also contribute to frequent urination.

4. Less Common Causes of Frequent Urination

While the causes listed above are the most common, several other less frequent conditions can also lead to increased urination.

4.1. Bladder Cancer

Although rare, bladder cancer can sometimes cause frequent urination, along with other symptoms like blood in the urine and pelvic pain.

4.2. Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy to the pelvic area can irritate the bladder and urinary tract, leading to frequent urination.

4.3. Certain Medications

Besides diuretics, other medications can also increase urination frequency as a side effect. These include certain antidepressants and heart medications.

4.4. Cold Temperature

When exposed to cold temperatures, the body tries to conserve heat by constricting blood vessels in the extremities. This increases blood flow to the core, which in turn increases blood pressure. To regulate blood pressure, the kidneys filter out excess fluid, leading to increased urine production.

4.5. Bladder Stones

Bladder stones are hard masses of minerals that can form in the bladder. They can irritate the bladder lining and cause frequent urination, along with pain and difficulty urinating.

5. Frequent Urination at Night (Nocturia)

Nocturia is the need to wake up during the night to urinate. While getting up once or twice a night is usually not a cause for concern, frequent nocturia can disrupt sleep and affect your quality of life.

5.1. Causes of Nocturia

Several factors can contribute to nocturia:

• Age: As you age, your body produces less antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which helps reduce urine production at night.
• Fluid Intake Before Bed: Drinking a lot of fluids close to bedtime can increase the need to urinate during the night.
• Medical Conditions: Conditions like heart failure, kidney disease, and sleep apnea can contribute to nocturia.
• Medications: Diuretics and other medications can cause nocturia.

5.2. Managing Nocturia

Here are some tips for managing nocturia:

• Limit Fluid Intake Before Bed: Avoid drinking large amounts of fluids in the hours leading up to bedtime.
• Avoid Caffeine and Alcohol: These substances can irritate the bladder and increase urine production.
• Elevate Legs: Elevating your legs in the evening can help reduce fluid retention in the legs and ankles, which can decrease nocturia.
• Medical Evaluation: If nocturia is frequent and disruptive, see a doctor to rule out any underlying medical conditions.

6. When to See a Doctor

While frequent urination is often caused by harmless factors, it can sometimes be a sign of a more serious underlying condition. It’s important to see a doctor if you experience any of the following symptoms along with frequent urination:

• Fever
• Pain or burning during urination
• Blood in the urine
• Cloudy or strong-smelling urine
• Lower back pain
• Unexplained weight loss
• Increased thirst
• Swelling in the ankles or feet

These symptoms could indicate a UTI, kidney infection, diabetes, or other medical condition that requires treatment.

7. The Impact of Frequent Urination on Daily Life

Frequent urination can significantly impact a person’s daily life, affecting their physical, emotional, and social well-being. Understanding these impacts can highlight the importance of seeking appropriate diagnosis and management.

7.1. Disrupted Sleep Patterns

Nocturia, the need to urinate frequently during the night, can severely disrupt sleep patterns. This can lead to chronic sleep deprivation, which in turn can cause fatigue, reduced concentration, and mood disturbances.

7.2. Decreased Productivity

The constant need to find a restroom can interrupt work, study, or other activities, leading to decreased productivity. This can be particularly challenging in environments where access to restrooms is limited.

7.3. Social and Emotional Distress

Frequent urination can cause embarrassment, anxiety, and social isolation. Individuals may avoid social situations or travel due to fear of not being able to find a restroom in time. This can lead to feelings of loneliness and depression.

7.4. Physical Limitations

Certain activities, such as long car rides, attending movies, or participating in sports, may become challenging or even impossible due to the need for frequent bathroom breaks.

7.5. Impact on Relationships

Frequent urination can strain relationships, particularly if it leads to disrupted sleep or limitations on shared activities. It’s important for individuals and their partners to communicate openly and seek solutions together.

7.6. Psychological Effects

The chronic nature of frequent urination can lead to psychological distress, including anxiety, depression, and a decreased sense of control over one’s body. It’s important to address these psychological effects as part of a comprehensive treatment plan.

8. Diagnosis of Frequent Urination

Diagnosing the cause of frequent urination typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests.

8.1. Medical History

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, fluid intake, medications, and any underlying medical conditions. Be prepared to provide detailed information about your urination habits, including frequency, urgency, and any associated symptoms.

8.2. Physical Examination

Your doctor will perform a physical examination to assess your overall health and look for any signs of underlying medical conditions. In men, a prostate exam may be performed to check for an enlarged prostate.

8.3. Diagnostic Tests

Several diagnostic tests may be used to determine the cause of frequent urination:

• Urinalysis: A urine sample is tested for signs of infection, blood, or other abnormalities.
• Urine Culture: A urine sample is cultured to identify any bacteria that may be causing a UTI.
• Bladder Diary: You may be asked to keep a bladder diary, recording your fluid intake, urination frequency, and any episodes of leakage.
• Postvoid Residual (PVR) Measurement: This test measures the amount of urine left in your bladder after urination. A high PVR may indicate a blockage or problem with bladder emptying.
• Urodynamic Testing: These tests assess how well your bladder and urethra are storing and releasing urine.
• Cystoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the bladder to visualize the bladder lining and urethra.

9. Treatment Options for Frequent Urination

The treatment for frequent urination depends on the underlying cause. Here are some common treatment options:

9.1. Lifestyle Modifications

For many people, lifestyle modifications can help reduce frequent urination:

• Limit Fluid Intake: Reduce your intake of fluids, especially caffeinated and alcoholic beverages.
• Avoid Bladder Irritants: Certain foods and drinks, such as spicy foods, citrus fruits, and carbonated beverages, can irritate the bladder and increase urination frequency.
• Timed Voiding: Urinate on a schedule, even if you don’t feel the urge. This can help retrain your bladder to hold more urine.
• Pelvic Floor Exercises (Kegels): These exercises strengthen the pelvic floor muscles, which can improve bladder control.

9.2. Medications

Several medications can help reduce frequent urination, depending on the underlying cause:

• Antibiotics: For UTIs, antibiotics are prescribed to kill the bacteria causing the infection.
• Anticholinergics: These medications help relax the bladder muscles and reduce the urge to urinate. They are often used to treat overactive bladder.
• Beta-3 Agonists: These medications also relax the bladder muscles and increase bladder capacity.
• Alpha-Blockers: These medications relax the muscles in the prostate and bladder neck, making it easier to urinate. They are often used to treat BPH in men.
• Desmopressin: This medication helps reduce urine production at night and is used to treat nocturia.

9.3. Bladder Training

Bladder training involves gradually increasing the amount of time between trips to the bathroom. This can help increase bladder capacity and reduce the urge to urinate frequently.

9.4. Biofeedback

Biofeedback uses sensors to monitor muscle activity in the pelvic floor. This can help you learn how to control these muscles and improve bladder control.

9.5. Surgery

In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause of frequent urination. For example, surgery may be performed to remove bladder stones, repair a bladder prolapse, or treat an enlarged prostate.

10. Natural Remedies and Home Treatments

In addition to medical treatments, several natural remedies and home treatments may help reduce frequent urination.

10.1. Herbal Remedies

Several herbal remedies have been traditionally used to treat urinary problems:

• Saw Palmetto: This herb is often used to treat BPH in men and may help reduce frequent urination.
• Pumpkin Seed Extract: This extract may help strengthen the pelvic floor muscles and improve bladder control.
• Cornsilk: This herb has anti-inflammatory properties and may help soothe the bladder.

It’s important to talk to your doctor before using any herbal remedies, as they can interact with medications or have side effects.

10.2. Dietary Changes

Making certain dietary changes may help reduce frequent urination:

• Avoid Bladder Irritants: Limit your intake of caffeine, alcohol, spicy foods, citrus fruits, and carbonated beverages.
• Increase Fiber Intake: Constipation can put pressure on the bladder and increase urination frequency. Eating a high-fiber diet can help prevent constipation.
• Stay Hydrated: While it may seem counterintuitive, staying properly hydrated can actually help reduce frequent urination. When you’re dehydrated, your urine becomes more concentrated, which can irritate the bladder.

10.3. Acupuncture

Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medicine technique that involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the body. Some studies have shown that acupuncture may help reduce frequent urination and improve bladder control.

11. Preventing Frequent Urination

While not all causes of frequent urination can be prevented, there are several steps you can take to reduce your risk:

• Maintain a Healthy Weight: Obesity can put extra pressure on the bladder and increase the risk of urinary problems.
• Practice Good Hygiene: Wipe from front to back after using the toilet to prevent bacteria from entering the urinary tract.
• Empty Your Bladder Completely: Take your time when urinating and make sure you empty your bladder completely.
• Quit Smoking: Smoking can irritate the bladder and increase the risk of bladder cancer.

12. Understanding the Psychological Impact of Frequent Urination

The physical symptoms of frequent urination are often accompanied by psychological distress. Understanding this connection is crucial for holistic management.

12.1. Anxiety and Stress

The unpredictable nature of frequent urination can lead to anxiety and stress. Individuals may worry about not being able to find a restroom in time, which can trigger a cycle of anxiety and increased urination frequency.

12.2. Depression

Chronic frequent urination can lead to feelings of depression, hopelessness, and social isolation. The limitations it places on daily life can impact self-esteem and overall quality of life.

12.3. Social Isolation

The fear of embarrassment or inconvenience can cause individuals to withdraw from social activities. This social isolation can exacerbate feelings of loneliness and depression.

12.4. Body Image Issues

Some individuals may develop negative body image issues due to the loss of control over their bladder function. This can lead to feelings of shame and self-consciousness.

12.5. Cognitive Impairment

Chronic sleep deprivation due to nocturia can impair cognitive function, including memory, attention, and decision-making.

13. Strategies for Coping with the Psychological Impact

Several strategies can help individuals cope with the psychological impact of frequent urination.

13.1. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

CBT can help individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors related to frequent urination. It can also teach coping skills for managing anxiety and stress.

13.2. Mindfulness Meditation

Mindfulness meditation can help individuals become more aware of their bodily sensations and reduce anxiety related to bladder control.

13.3. Support Groups

Joining a support group can provide a sense of community and reduce feelings of isolation. Sharing experiences with others who understand can be validating and empowering.

13.4. Professional Counseling

A therapist or counselor can provide support and guidance for managing the emotional challenges of frequent urination.

13.5. Lifestyle Adjustments

Making lifestyle adjustments, such as planning restroom breaks in advance and carrying a change of clothes, can help reduce anxiety and increase confidence.

14. Expert Opinions on Frequent Urination

Gaining insights from medical experts can further enhance understanding and management of frequent urination.

14.1. Urologists

Urologists specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the urinary tract and male reproductive system. They can provide expert guidance on managing frequent urination and addressing underlying medical conditions.

14.2. Gynecologists

Gynecologists specialize in women’s health and can provide expert guidance on managing frequent urination related to pregnancy, menopause, or other gynecological conditions.

14.3. Primary Care Physicians

Primary care physicians can provide comprehensive care for individuals with frequent urination, including diagnosis, treatment, and referral to specialists when necessary.

14.4. Geriatricians

Geriatricians specialize in the care of older adults and can provide expert guidance on managing frequent urination in the elderly, taking into account age-related changes and medical conditions.

14.5. Neurologists

Neurologists specialize in disorders of the nervous system and can provide expert guidance on managing frequent urination related to neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis or Parkinson’s disease.

15. Recent Research and Developments

Staying updated with recent research and developments can provide insights into innovative approaches for managing frequent urination.

15.1. New Medications

Researchers are continuously developing new medications for managing overactive bladder and other conditions that cause frequent urination.

15.2. Advanced Therapies

Advanced therapies such as neuromodulation and sacral nerve stimulation are being explored for managing refractory cases of overactive bladder.

15.3. Personalized Medicine

Personalized medicine approaches, which take into account individual genetic and lifestyle factors, are being developed for tailoring treatment plans for frequent urination.

15.4. Technological Innovations

Technological innovations such as wearable sensors and mobile apps are being developed for monitoring bladder function and providing personalized feedback.

16. Debunking Myths About Frequent Urination

Addressing common misconceptions about frequent urination can help individuals make informed decisions about their health.

16.1. Myth: Frequent Urination is a Normal Part of Aging

While age-related changes can contribute to frequent urination, it is not a normal or inevitable part of aging. It is important to seek medical evaluation to rule out underlying medical conditions.

16.2. Myth: Drinking Less Water Will Solve Frequent Urination

While limiting fluid intake may temporarily reduce urination frequency, it can also lead to dehydration and other health problems. It is important to maintain adequate hydration while addressing the underlying cause of frequent urination.

16.3. Myth: Frequent Urination is Only a Problem for Women

Frequent urination can affect individuals of all genders. In men, it may be a sign of prostate problems or other medical conditions.

16.4. Myth: Frequent Urination is Always a Sign of a Serious Medical Condition

While frequent urination can be a sign of a serious medical condition, it is often caused by lifestyle factors or benign conditions. It is important to seek medical evaluation to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.

16.5. Myth: There is No Effective Treatment for Frequent Urination

There are many effective treatments available for frequent urination, ranging from lifestyle modifications to medications and advanced therapies. With proper diagnosis and management, individuals can often find relief and improve their quality of life.

17. Living Well with Frequent Urination: Practical Tips

Managing frequent urination involves more than just medical treatment; it also requires adopting practical strategies to navigate daily life. Here are some actionable tips to help you live comfortably:

17.1. Plan Ahead

• Know Your Route: Before leaving home, identify the locations of restrooms along your route. This can alleviate anxiety and give you a sense of control.
• Restroom Mapping Apps: Utilize smartphone apps designed to locate nearby restrooms quickly.

17.2. Dietary Awareness

• Track Bladder Irritants: Keep a food diary to identify specific foods or drinks that exacerbate your symptoms. Common culprits include caffeine, alcohol, and spicy foods.
• Hydration Strategies: Drink the majority of your fluids earlier in the day to minimize nighttime bathroom trips.

17.3. Clothing Choices

• Comfortable and Accessible: Wear clothing that is easy to remove quickly. Elastic waistbands and loose-fitting garments can be particularly helpful.
• Carry Extras: Always have a spare set of clothing with you in case of accidental leakage.

17.4. Support Aids

• Absorbent Products: Consider using absorbent pads or underwear for added security and peace of mind.
• Personal Hygiene: Maintain good hygiene to prevent skin irritation and infections.

17.5. Open Communication

• Inform Loved Ones: Share your condition with close friends and family members so they can offer support and understanding.
• Workplace Considerations: If appropriate, discuss your needs with your employer to ensure you have easy access to restroom facilities.

17.6. Mindfulness Techniques

• Practice Relaxation: Engage in relaxation techniques such as deep breathing or meditation to reduce stress and anxiety, which can worsen symptoms.
• Pelvic Floor Awareness: Learn to consciously relax your pelvic floor muscles to reduce urgency and frequency.

17.7. Exercise and Movement

• Stay Active: Regular physical activity can improve overall health and bladder function.
• Pelvic Floor Exercises: Continue to practice Kegel exercises to strengthen pelvic floor muscles and improve bladder control.

17.8. Maintain a Positive Outlook

• Focus on Solutions: Instead of dwelling on the challenges, focus on implementing strategies to manage your symptoms and improve your quality of life.
• Celebrate Small Victories: Acknowledge and celebrate your progress, no matter how small.

18. Future Directions in Research on Frequent Urination

The field of urology is constantly evolving, with ongoing research aimed at improving the understanding and treatment of frequent urination. Here are some promising future directions:

18.1. Biomarker Discovery

Researchers are working to identify biomarkers that can help diagnose and predict the course of frequent urination and related conditions. This could lead to more personalized and targeted treatments.

18.2. Gene Therapy

Gene therapy approaches are being investigated as a potential treatment for overactive bladder and other conditions that cause frequent urination. The goal is to deliver genes that can help restore normal bladder function.

18.3. Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI and machine learning algorithms are being used to analyze large datasets and identify patterns that can help improve the diagnosis and management of frequent urination.

18.4. Regenerative Medicine

Regenerative medicine techniques, such as stem cell therapy, are being explored for repairing damaged bladder tissue and restoring normal bladder function.

18.5. Non-Invasive Technologies

Researchers are developing non-invasive technologies for monitoring bladder function and delivering therapies for frequent urination, such as ultrasound and electrical stimulation.

19. Finding Support and Resources

Living with frequent urination can be challenging, but you don’t have to go it alone. There are many support groups and resources available to help you cope and manage your condition.

19.1. Online Forums

Online forums and communities can provide a safe and supportive space for sharing experiences, asking questions, and connecting with others who understand what you’re going through.

19.2. Support Groups

Local support groups offer the opportunity to meet face-to-face with other individuals who have frequent urination and related conditions.

19.3. Medical Professionals

Your doctor, urologist, or other healthcare providers can provide ongoing support and guidance for managing your condition.

19.4. Non-Profit Organizations

Non-profit organizations such as the National Association For Continence (NAFC) and the Bladder Health UK offer valuable resources and support for individuals with urinary problems.

19.5. Mental Health Professionals

A therapist or counselor can provide support for managing the emotional challenges of living with frequent urination.

19.6. Educational Materials

Books, websites, and other educational materials can provide valuable information about frequent urination, its causes, and treatment options.

20. Empowering Yourself with Knowledge

Understanding why you need to pee so much is the first step toward taking control of your bladder health. By learning about the causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for frequent urination, you can make informed decisions about your care and improve your quality of life.

• Ask Questions: Don’t hesitate to ask your doctor questions about your condition and treatment options.
• Do Your Research: Gather information from reliable sources, such as medical websites and professional organizations.
• Take Action: Implement lifestyle modifications and follow your doctor’s recommendations to manage your symptoms.
• Be Patient: It may take time to find the right treatment approach for your specific needs. Be patient and persistent in your efforts.
• Stay Positive: Focus on what you can control and maintain a positive outlook to improve your overall well-being.

At WHY.EDU.VN, we’re dedicated to providing clear, reliable information to help you understand your health concerns. We believe that knowledge is power, and we’re here to empower you on your journey to better health.

Frequent urination can stem from a multitude of causes, each requiring a unique approach to management and treatment. Lifestyle adjustments, medical interventions, and psychological support all play a critical role in enhancing the quality of life for those affected.

Navigating the complexities of frequent urination can be overwhelming, but you don’t have to do it alone. At WHY.EDU.VN, we offer a wealth of expertly curated content designed to empower you with the knowledge you need to understand and manage your health. But we understand that sometimes, you need personalized guidance.

Do you have specific questions about frequent urination that weren’t answered here?

Visit why.edu.vn today and connect with our team of knowledgeable experts. Whether you’re seeking clarification on potential causes, exploring treatment options, or simply need a supportive voice, we’re here to help. Don’t let unanswered questions hold you back. Reach out to us at 101 Curiosity Lane, Answer Town, CA 90210, United States, or give us a call on Whatsapp at +1 (213) 555-0101. Your path to better bladder health starts now.

FAQ: Understanding Frequent Urination

1. What is considered frequent urination?

   Urinating more than 8 times in a 24-hour period is generally considered frequent urination.

2. Is frequent urination more common in men or women?

   It can affect both, but women are more prone to UTIs, while men may experience it due to prostate issues.

3. Can diet affect urination frequency?

   Yes, caffeine, alcohol, spicy foods, and acidic fruits can irritate the bladder and increase frequency.

4. Is frequent urination a sign of diabetes?

   It can be, especially if accompanied by excessive thirst and unexplained weight loss.

5. What are Kegel exercises, and how can they help?

   Kegel exercises strengthen pelvic floor muscles, improving bladder control and reducing urgency.

6. How does pregnancy affect urination frequency?

   Hormonal changes and the growing uterus put pressure on the bladder, leading to frequent urination.

7. Can stress and anxiety cause frequent urination?

   Yes, anxiety can trigger the body’s “fight or flight” response, affecting bladder control.

8. When should I see a doctor for frequent urination?

   See a doctor if you experience fever, pain, blood in urine, or unexplained weight loss.

9. What tests are used to diagnose the cause of frequent urination?

   Urinalysis, urine culture, bladder diary, and urodynamic testing are common diagnostic tools.

10. Are there medications to treat frequent urination?

    Yes, antibiotics for UTIs, anticholinergics for overactive bladder, and alpha-blockers for prostate issues are available.