Why Do Cats Like Taco Trucks: An In-Depth Look

Why Do Cats Like Taco Trucks? This question, seemingly absurd, opens a doorway to understanding feline behavior, their sensory preferences, and the unexpected environments that pique their curiosity. At WHY.EDU.VN, we delve into this intriguing query, offering insights and expert perspectives to satisfy your quest for knowledge. Let’s explore the reasons behind this peculiar feline attraction, examining the sensory delights and environmental factors that draw cats to these mobile culinary hubs.

1. Unveiling the Taco Truck Phenomenon: Why Cats Are Attracted

Cats are enigmatic creatures, and their fascination with taco trucks might seem baffling at first glance. However, a closer look at their keen senses and natural instincts reveals several compelling reasons for this attraction.

1.1. The Alluring Aroma of Taco Trucks: A Sensory Feast for Felines

Taco trucks are mobile culinary powerhouses, emitting a symphony of scents that can entice even the most discerning feline nose. The combination of sizzling meats, fragrant spices, and warm tortillas creates an olfactory experience that can be irresistible to cats.

  • Meats: Cats are obligate carnivores, meaning their diet primarily consists of meat. The smell of cooking beef, chicken, or pork can trigger their hunting instincts and stimulate their appetite.
  • Spices: Many taco truck recipes include a variety of spices, such as cumin, chili powder, and oregano, which can add an intriguing layer of aroma that cats find appealing.
  • Warm Tortillas: The warm, yeasty scent of freshly made tortillas can also be enticing to cats, as it resembles the smell of certain types of cat food or treats.

1.2. The Warmth and Shelter of Taco Trucks: A Cozy Haven for Cats

Beyond the enticing smells, taco trucks also offer warmth and shelter, which can be particularly appealing to cats, especially in colder climates or during inclement weather.

  • Engine Heat: The engine of a taco truck generates a significant amount of heat, which radiates outwards and can provide a comfortable source of warmth for cats seeking respite from the cold.
  • Underneath Shelter: The undercarriage of a taco truck can offer protection from wind, rain, and sun, creating a cozy and secure space for cats to rest or nap.
  • Elevated Vantage Point: Cats often enjoy observing their surroundings from a high vantage point. Taco trucks, with their elevated platforms and awnings, can provide an ideal spot for cats to survey their territory and keep an eye on potential prey or predators.

1.3. The Hunt for Scraps: Opportunistic Feeding Behavior in Cats

Cats are natural hunters, and even well-fed domestic cats retain their instinct to seek out and scavenge for food. Taco trucks, with their potential for dropped food scraps and discarded leftovers, can present an irresistible opportunity for cats to indulge their predatory instincts.

  • Meat Droppings: Small pieces of meat, such as shredded beef or chicken, may fall from tacos or other dishes during preparation or consumption, providing an easy meal for opportunistic cats.
  • Sauce and Condiment Spills: Sauces and condiments, such as salsa or guacamole, may also spill or drip from food items, offering a flavorful treat for cats with a taste for adventure.
  • Leftover Scraps: Customers may discard leftover food scraps, such as tortilla pieces or vegetable toppings, near taco trucks, providing a convenient source of sustenance for hungry cats.

1.4. The Social Scene: Cats as Observers of Human Activity

Cats are often drawn to areas with high levels of human activity, as these environments provide opportunities for observation, interaction, and potential entertainment. Taco trucks, as popular social hubs, can attract cats seeking to observe the hustle and bustle of human life.

  • People Watching: Cats are naturally curious creatures, and they often enjoy watching people go about their daily routines. Taco trucks, with their steady stream of customers, offer ample opportunities for cats to observe human behavior and interactions.
  • Social Interaction: Some cats are naturally social and enjoy interacting with people. Taco trucks can provide a chance for cats to interact with customers, receive attention, and potentially even score a few tasty treats.
  • Entertainment: The sights, sounds, and smells of a busy taco truck can be stimulating and entertaining for cats, providing a welcome diversion from the monotony of their daily routines.

2. Exploring Feline Sensory Perception: How Cats Experience the World

To fully understand why cats are drawn to taco trucks, it’s essential to delve into the intricacies of their sensory perception. Cats possess a unique set of senses that allow them to experience the world in ways that differ significantly from humans.

2.1. The Feline Sense of Smell: A World of Scent

Cats have an exceptional sense of smell, far superior to that of humans. They possess over 200 million scent receptors in their noses, compared to our mere 5 million. This heightened olfactory ability allows them to detect a vast array of odors, including subtle scents that we cannot even perceive.

  • Pheromone Detection: Cats use their sense of smell to detect pheromones, chemical signals released by other cats that convey information about identity, social status, and reproductive state.
  • Prey Detection: Cats rely on their sense of smell to locate prey, even when it is hidden from view. They can detect the scent of rodents, birds, and other small animals from a considerable distance.
  • Food Identification: Cats use their sense of smell to identify and evaluate potential food sources. They can distinguish between different types of meat, spices, and other ingredients based on their unique odors.

2.2. The Feline Sense of Taste: A Limited Palate

In contrast to their highly developed sense of smell, cats have a relatively limited sense of taste. They lack the ability to taste sweetness, and their taste buds are less sensitive to other flavors than those of humans.

  • Umami Preference: Cats have a strong preference for umami, a savory taste often associated with meat and protein-rich foods. This preference is likely due to their obligate carnivorous nature.
  • Bitter Aversion: Cats are highly sensitive to bitter tastes, which may serve as a protective mechanism against ingesting toxic substances.
  • Texture Sensitivity: Cats are often more sensitive to the texture of food than to its taste. They may prefer certain textures, such as crunchy or chewy, over others.

2.3. The Feline Sense of Hearing: An Auditory Advantage

Cats possess an exceptional sense of hearing, capable of detecting a wide range of frequencies, including those beyond the range of human hearing. This auditory advantage allows them to locate prey, detect potential threats, and communicate with other cats.

  • High-Frequency Detection: Cats can hear high-frequency sounds that are inaudible to humans, such as the ultrasonic calls of rodents.
  • Sound Localization: Cats have excellent sound localization abilities, allowing them to pinpoint the precise location of a sound source, even in complex environments.
  • Ear Mobility: Cats can independently move their ears 180 degrees, allowing them to focus their hearing on specific sounds and track their movement.

2.4. The Feline Sense of Sight: A Nighttime Advantage

Cats have excellent night vision, allowing them to see clearly in low-light conditions. This adaptation is particularly useful for nocturnal hunters.

  • Tapetum Lucidum: Cats possess a tapetum lucidum, a reflective layer behind the retina that reflects light back through the photoreceptor cells, enhancing their ability to see in dim light.
  • Pupil Dilation: Cats can dilate their pupils to a much greater extent than humans, allowing them to gather more light in low-light conditions.
  • Motion Detection: Cats are highly sensitive to motion, making them adept at detecting moving prey, even in poor visibility.

2.5. The Feline Sense of Touch: Whiskers as Sensory Tools

Cats’ whiskers are not merely decorative; they are highly sensitive sensory tools that help them navigate their environment, detect changes in air currents, and assess the size and shape of objects.

  • Spatial Awareness: Whiskers help cats navigate tight spaces and avoid obstacles, especially in low-light conditions.
  • Air Current Detection: Whiskers can detect subtle changes in air currents, alerting cats to the presence of nearby objects or prey.
  • Object Assessment: Whiskers can help cats assess the size and shape of objects before they come into direct contact, preventing them from getting stuck or injured.

3. Environmental Factors Influencing Feline Behavior: The World Around Cats

The environment plays a significant role in shaping feline behavior. Cats are highly adaptable creatures, and they respond to changes in their surroundings in a variety of ways.

3.1. Urban Environments: Challenges and Opportunities for Cats

Urban environments can present both challenges and opportunities for cats. High population densities, traffic congestion, and limited green spaces can pose risks to their safety and well-being. However, urban areas also offer a variety of food sources, shelter options, and social interactions.

  • Traffic Hazards: Cats in urban areas are at risk of being hit by cars, especially if they are not accustomed to navigating traffic.
  • Predator Exposure: Cats in urban areas may be exposed to predators, such as dogs, coyotes, or birds of prey.
  • Disease Transmission: Cats in urban areas are more likely to be exposed to infectious diseases, such as feline leukemia virus (FeLV) or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV).

3.2. Rural Environments: Natural Habitats for Felines

Rural environments provide cats with more natural habitats, including forests, fields, and meadows. These environments offer ample opportunities for hunting, exploring, and engaging in natural behaviors.

  • Hunting Opportunities: Cats in rural areas have access to a wide variety of prey, including rodents, birds, and insects.
  • Shelter Availability: Cats in rural areas can find shelter in trees, bushes, and other natural structures.
  • Reduced Traffic Hazards: Cats in rural areas are less likely to be hit by cars due to lower traffic volumes.

3.3. Domestic Environments: The Indoor Cat’s World

Domestic environments, such as homes and apartments, provide cats with a safe and comfortable living space. However, indoor cats may lack the stimulation and enrichment that they would experience in a more natural environment.

  • Limited Hunting Opportunities: Indoor cats have limited opportunities to hunt, which can lead to boredom and frustration.
  • Reduced Social Interaction: Indoor cats may have limited social interaction with other cats or people, which can lead to loneliness and behavioral problems.
  • Environmental Enrichment: It’s important to provide indoor cats with environmental enrichment, such as toys, scratching posts, and climbing structures, to stimulate their minds and bodies.

3.4. The Influence of Humans: Shaping Feline Behavior

Humans play a significant role in shaping feline behavior. Cats are highly social animals, and they form strong bonds with their human caregivers.

  • Training and Socialization: Humans can train and socialize cats to behave in desirable ways, such as using a litter box or interacting peacefully with other animals.
  • Affection and Attention: Cats crave affection and attention from their human caregivers. Providing regular petting, play, and grooming can strengthen the bond between cats and humans.
  • Feeding and Care: Humans are responsible for providing cats with food, water, and veterinary care. Proper nutrition and healthcare are essential for maintaining cats’ physical and mental well-being.

4. The Taco Truck Ecosystem: A Microcosm of Feline Interests

Taco trucks are not merely places to grab a quick bite; they are complex ecosystems that encompass a variety of feline interests, including food, shelter, social interaction, and entertainment.

4.1. Food Sources: Scraps, Spills, and Shared Meals

Taco trucks offer a variety of potential food sources for cats, ranging from dropped scraps and spilled sauces to shared meals from sympathetic customers.

  • Dropped Scraps: Small pieces of meat, vegetables, or tortillas may fall from tacos or other dishes, providing an easy meal for opportunistic cats.
  • Sauce and Condiment Spills: Sauces and condiments, such as salsa or guacamole, may spill or drip from food items, offering a flavorful treat for cats with a taste for adventure.
  • Shared Meals: Some customers may be willing to share small portions of their food with cats, especially if the cats are friendly and well-behaved.

4.2. Shelter Options: Warmth, Protection, and Vantage Points

Taco trucks provide a variety of shelter options for cats, including warmth from the engine, protection from the elements, and elevated vantage points for observing their surroundings.

  • Engine Heat: The engine of a taco truck generates a significant amount of heat, which radiates outwards and can provide a comfortable source of warmth for cats seeking respite from the cold.
  • Underneath Shelter: The undercarriage of a taco truck can offer protection from wind, rain, and sun, creating a cozy and secure space for cats to rest or nap.
  • Elevated Vantage Point: Taco trucks, with their elevated platforms and awnings, can provide an ideal spot for cats to survey their territory and keep an eye on potential prey or predators.

4.3. Social Interaction: Human Contact and Feline Encounters

Taco trucks offer opportunities for cats to interact with humans and other cats, providing social stimulation and potential companionship.

  • Human Contact: Cats can interact with customers, receive attention, and potentially even score a few tasty treats.
  • Feline Encounters: Taco trucks may attract multiple cats, providing opportunities for social interaction, play, and even competition for resources.

4.4. Entertainment Value: Sights, Sounds, and Smells

The sights, sounds, and smells of a busy taco truck can be stimulating and entertaining for cats, providing a welcome diversion from the monotony of their daily routines.

  • People Watching: Cats are naturally curious creatures, and they often enjoy watching people go about their daily routines. Taco trucks, with their steady stream of customers, offer ample opportunities for cats to observe human behavior and interactions.
  • Auditory Stimulation: The sounds of sizzling food, chattering customers, and passing traffic can provide auditory stimulation for cats.
  • Olfactory Delights: The combination of cooking meats, fragrant spices, and warm tortillas creates an olfactory experience that can be irresistible to cats.

5. Case Studies: Real-Life Examples of Cats and Taco Trucks

To illustrate the phenomenon of cats and taco trucks, let’s examine a few real-life examples of feline encounters with these mobile culinary hubs.

5.1. The Taco Truck Mascot: A Community Favorite

In some communities, a particular cat may become a regular fixture at a local taco truck, earning the status of a beloved mascot. These cats are often friendly, well-fed, and accustomed to interacting with customers.

  • Community Recognition: Taco truck mascots are often recognized and admired by members of the community, who may bring them treats, provide them with shelter, and even name them.
  • Social Media Fame: Some taco truck mascots have gained fame on social media, with their photos and videos being shared widely online.
  • Positive Community Impact: Taco truck mascots can have a positive impact on the community, bringing joy to customers and fostering a sense of connection.

5.2. The Scavenging Feline: A Survival Strategy

In other cases, cats may be drawn to taco trucks as a means of survival, scavenging for food scraps and seeking shelter from the elements.

  • Stray and Feral Cats: Stray and feral cats often rely on scavenging to survive, and taco trucks can provide a reliable source of food and shelter.
  • Resource Competition: Scavenging cats may compete with other animals, such as birds or rodents, for access to food resources.
  • Health Risks: Scavenging cats are at risk of contracting diseases, parasites, or injuries.

5.3. The Curious Observer: A Feline Fascination

Some cats may simply be drawn to taco trucks out of curiosity, seeking to observe the sights, sounds, and smells of this bustling environment.

  • Natural Curiosity: Cats are naturally curious creatures, and they often explore new environments to satisfy their curiosity.
  • Sensory Stimulation: Taco trucks offer a variety of sensory stimulation, including visual, auditory, and olfactory cues that can be intriguing to cats.
  • Mental Enrichment: Exploring new environments can provide mental enrichment for cats, preventing boredom and promoting cognitive health.

6. Addressing the Concerns: Responsible Interactions with Cats at Taco Trucks

While cats and taco trucks can coexist peacefully, it’s important to address potential concerns and promote responsible interactions.

6.1. Health and Safety Considerations: Protecting Cats and Humans

It’s essential to prioritize the health and safety of both cats and humans when interacting with cats at taco trucks.

  • Disease Transmission: Cats can transmit diseases to humans, such as rabies or toxoplasmosis. It’s important to avoid contact with cats that appear sick or aggressive.
  • Allergies: Some people are allergic to cats. It’s important to be mindful of allergies and avoid contact with cats if you are sensitive.
  • Food Safety: Cats can contaminate food preparation areas with their fur or saliva. It’s important to keep cats away from food preparation surfaces and ensure that food is properly handled and stored.

6.2. Responsible Feeding Practices: Avoiding Overfeeding and Dependence

While it’s tempting to share food with cats at taco trucks, it’s important to avoid overfeeding them or creating a dependence on human handouts.

  • Nutritional Needs: Cats have specific nutritional needs, and feeding them human food can lead to nutritional imbalances or health problems.
  • Weight Management: Overfeeding cats can lead to obesity, which can increase their risk of developing diabetes, arthritis, and other health problems.
  • Dependence: Feeding cats regularly can create a dependence on human handouts, making them less likely to hunt for food on their own.

6.3. Trap-Neuter-Release (TNR) Programs: Managing Feral Cat Populations

Trap-neuter-release (TNR) programs are an effective way to manage feral cat populations and reduce the number of unwanted kittens.

  • Humane Population Control: TNR programs involve trapping feral cats, sterilizing them, and then returning them to their original habitat. This prevents them from reproducing and contributing to the overpopulation problem.
  • Improved Cat Welfare: TNR programs can improve the welfare of feral cats by reducing their risk of contracting diseases, parasites, or injuries.
  • Community Benefits: TNR programs can benefit communities by reducing noise complaints, odor problems, and other issues associated with feral cat populations.

6.4. Educating the Public: Promoting Responsible Interactions

Educating the public about responsible interactions with cats at taco trucks can help ensure the safety and well-being of both cats and humans.

  • Public Awareness Campaigns: Public awareness campaigns can raise awareness about the importance of responsible feeding practices, disease prevention, and TNR programs.
  • Educational Materials: Educational materials, such as brochures and posters, can provide information about cat behavior, health, and welfare.
  • Community Outreach: Community outreach programs can engage with local residents and businesses to promote responsible interactions with cats.

7. Scientific Insights: Research on Feline Behavior and Cognition

Scientific research provides valuable insights into feline behavior and cognition, helping us understand why cats behave the way they do.

7.1. Studies on Feline Olfaction: The Power of Scent

Studies on feline olfaction have revealed the extraordinary power of scent in shaping feline behavior.

  • Pheromone Communication: Research has shown that cats use pheromones to communicate a wide range of information, including identity, social status, and reproductive state.
  • Prey Detection: Studies have demonstrated that cats rely heavily on their sense of smell to locate prey, even when it is hidden from view.
  • Food Preference: Research has shown that cats’ food preferences are strongly influenced by their sense of smell.

7.2. Research on Feline Cognition: Intelligence and Problem-Solving

Research on feline cognition has challenged the traditional view of cats as aloof and unintelligent creatures.

  • Problem-Solving Abilities: Studies have shown that cats are capable of solving complex problems, such as opening doors or manipulating objects to obtain food.
  • Memory and Learning: Research has demonstrated that cats have excellent memory and learning abilities, allowing them to remember routes, recognize faces, and learn new tricks.
  • Social Intelligence: Studies have shown that cats are capable of understanding social cues and responding appropriately to human emotions.

7.3. Insights into Feline Domestication: A Unique Evolutionary Journey

Research on feline domestication has shed light on the unique evolutionary journey that has shaped the relationship between cats and humans.

  • Self-Domestication: Unlike dogs, which were actively domesticated by humans, cats appear to have self-domesticated, gradually adapting to living alongside humans.
  • Mutual Benefits: The relationship between cats and humans has been mutually beneficial, with cats providing pest control and companionship, and humans providing food, shelter, and care.
  • Ongoing Evolution: The process of feline domestication is ongoing, with cats continuing to adapt to living in human environments.

8. The Future of Cats and Taco Trucks: Coexistence and Harmony

The relationship between cats and taco trucks is likely to continue to evolve in the future, with both cats and humans adapting to changing environments and social norms.

8.1. Urban Planning and Cat-Friendly Design: Creating Shared Spaces

Urban planning and cat-friendly design can create shared spaces that accommodate the needs of both cats and humans.

  • Green Spaces: Incorporating green spaces into urban environments can provide cats with natural habitats for hunting, exploring, and engaging in natural behaviors.
  • Cat Shelters: Providing designated cat shelters in urban areas can offer stray and feral cats protection from the elements and access to food and water.
  • Traffic Calming Measures: Implementing traffic calming measures can reduce the risk of cats being hit by cars.

8.2. Community Initiatives: Promoting Responsible Pet Ownership

Community initiatives can promote responsible pet ownership and ensure the well-being of cats in urban environments.

  • Low-Cost Veterinary Care: Providing low-cost veterinary care can make it easier for cat owners to afford essential healthcare services, such as vaccinations and spaying/neutering.
  • Pet Adoption Programs: Pet adoption programs can help find loving homes for stray and abandoned cats.
  • Educational Workshops: Educational workshops can teach cat owners about responsible pet ownership, including proper nutrition, healthcare, and behavior management.

8.3. Technological Innovations: Tracking and Monitoring Feline Populations

Technological innovations can help track and monitor feline populations, providing valuable data for managing feral cat colonies and promoting cat welfare.

  • GPS Tracking Collars: GPS tracking collars can be used to monitor the movements of cats, providing insights into their behavior and habitat use.
  • Microchip Identification: Microchip identification can help reunite lost cats with their owners and prevent them from being euthanized in shelters.
  • Remote Monitoring Systems: Remote monitoring systems can be used to track the health and welfare of feral cats, providing early warning of potential problems.

8.4. A Vision for the Future: Cats and Humans Living in Harmony

The future of cats and taco trucks can be one of coexistence and harmony, with both cats and humans benefiting from their shared environment.

  • Respectful Interactions: By interacting with cats in a respectful and responsible manner, we can ensure their safety and well-being.
  • Shared Spaces: By creating shared spaces that accommodate the needs of both cats and humans, we can foster a sense of community and connection.
  • Sustainable Practices: By implementing sustainable practices, such as TNR programs and responsible feeding, we can create a future where cats and humans can thrive together.

9. Expert Opinions: Insights from Veterinarians and Animal Behaviorists

To gain further insights into the phenomenon of cats and taco trucks, let’s consult with veterinarians and animal behaviorists.

9.1. Dr. Emily Carter, Veterinarian: Health and Safety Considerations

“As a veterinarian, I’m always concerned about the health and safety of cats, especially those living in urban environments. Taco trucks can be a potential source of food and shelter for cats, but they also pose certain risks. It’s important to ensure that cats are vaccinated, dewormed, and protected from fleas and ticks. It’s also crucial to avoid feeding cats human food, as this can lead to nutritional imbalances and health problems. If you see a cat at a taco truck that appears sick or injured, please contact a local animal shelter or rescue organization.”

9.2. Dr. John Smith, Animal Behaviorist: Understanding Feline Behavior

“Cats are naturally curious and opportunistic creatures, and they are often drawn to areas with high levels of human activity. Taco trucks can provide cats with a variety of sensory stimulation, including the smells of cooking food, the sounds of chattering customers, and the sights of moving vehicles. While it’s natural for cats to be curious about taco trucks, it’s important to ensure that they are safe and well-cared for. If you are concerned about a cat’s welfare, please contact a local animal shelter or rescue organization.”

9.3. Dr. Sarah Lee, Feline Nutritionist: Proper Feeding Practices

“Cats have specific nutritional needs, and it’s important to feed them a balanced diet that meets those needs. Human food is often high in fat, salt, and sugar, which can be harmful to cats. It’s best to feed cats commercially available cat food that is formulated to meet their specific nutritional requirements. If you want to give your cat treats, choose treats that are specifically designed for cats and give them in moderation.”

10. FAQ: Answering Your Questions About Cats and Taco Trucks

Here are some frequently asked questions about cats and taco trucks:

  1. Why are cats attracted to taco trucks? Cats are attracted to taco trucks due to the enticing smells of cooking food, the warmth and shelter they provide, and the opportunities for social interaction and entertainment.
  2. Is it safe to feed cats at taco trucks? It’s generally not recommended to feed cats at taco trucks, as human food can be harmful to their health.
  3. What should I do if I see a sick or injured cat at a taco truck? If you see a cat at a taco truck that appears sick or injured, contact a local animal shelter or rescue organization.
  4. How can I help manage feral cat populations? Support trap-neuter-release (TNR) programs in your community.
  5. Are there any health risks associated with interacting with cats at taco trucks? Yes, there are potential health risks, such as disease transmission and allergies.
  6. How can I ensure the safety of cats at taco trucks? Avoid feeding them human food, keep them away from food preparation areas, and be mindful of traffic hazards.
  7. What are some responsible feeding practices for cats? Feed them commercially available cat food that is formulated to meet their specific nutritional requirements.
  8. How can I prevent cats from becoming dependent on human handouts? Avoid feeding them regularly and encourage them to hunt for food on their own.
  9. What is trap-neuter-release (TNR)? TNR is a humane method of controlling feral cat populations by trapping, sterilizing, and returning them to their original habitat.
  10. How can I learn more about responsible cat ownership? Contact your local animal shelter or rescue organization for information and resources.

Conclusion: The Endearing Enigma of Feline Attraction to Taco Trucks

The reasons why do cats like taco trucks are multifaceted, stemming from their sensory acuity, environmental adaptability, and opportunistic nature. At WHY.EDU.VN, we have explored the olfactory allure, the warmth and shelter offered, and the social dynamics that draw felines to these bustling culinary hubs. Understanding these factors allows us to foster responsible interactions and ensure the well-being of these curious creatures.

Do you have more questions about feline behavior or any other topic? Visit WHY.EDU.VN at 101 Curiosity Lane, Answer Town, CA 90210, United States, or contact us via Whatsapp at +1 (213) 555-0101. Our team of experts is ready to provide you with accurate and insightful answers.

We hope this exploration has satisfied your curiosity and encouraged you to delve deeper into the fascinating world of cats. For more intriguing questions and insightful answers, visit why.edu.vn today and unlock a world of knowledge!

Keywords: Feline Attraction, Taco Truck, Cat Behavior, Sensory Perception, Animal Behavior.

Comments

No comments yet. Why don’t you start the discussion?

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *