Our journey into Egyptian history commences around 3000 BC, marking the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt into a single, powerful kingdom. This pivotal moment saw the rise of the first pharaoh, Menes, setting the stage for thirty successive dynasties. The era was also distinguished by the emergence of hieroglyphic writing, first observed in the sacred tombs and among the precious artifacts of the pharaohs. To solidify this unification, Menes strategically established his capital, named Memphis by the Greeks but initially called “White Walls,” at the Nile’s apex where the river branches across the fertile delta. Memphis served as the pharaohs’ capital for much of ancient Egypt’s 3000-year span. Remarkably, modern Cairo stands just 20 miles north of Memphis, near the same vital junction of the Nile valley and delta.
But how do these colossal pyramids fit into the narrative of early Egyptian civilization? Today, pyramids are iconic reminders of the ancient Egyptians’ profound veneration for life after death. In fact, the primary purpose of pyramids was to serve as monumental tombs for the pharaohs. Death was not seen as an end, but rather as the commencement of a voyage to another realm. Within this belief system, the eternal life of every individual was intrinsically linked to the perpetual existence of their king. This belief elevated the pharaoh’s tomb to a matter of paramount importance for the entire kingdom.
The intricate artwork adorning the walls of these tombs offers invaluable insights into the lives of the pharaohs and their families. Evidence suggests pyramids were constructed during a pharaoh’s reign, as hieroglyphs bearing the names of the work gangs responsible for their construction have been discovered within the tomb walls. Pharaohs were interred with opulent furnishings and treasures, ensuring they would be surrounded by the comforts of their earthly life in the afterlife. Furthermore, attendants and wives who passed away after the pharaoh were also laid to rest in proximity to him. These surrounding tombs of relatives and courtiers, particularly mastabas – covered rectangular tombs made of mud brick – are prevalent around the great pyramids, especially in areas like Giza. These mastabas, featuring deep burial shafts, housed those of high status within the pharaoh’s court, clustered around the king’s eternal dwelling.
