Why Are Rawhides Bad For Dogs is a common question among pet owners, and understanding the potential risks is crucial for your dog’s well-being. At WHY.EDU.VN, we delve into the safety, digestibility, and ingredients of rawhide chews to provide you with comprehensive information so you can make informed decisions. Discover safer alternatives and expert advice on dog chews to ensure your furry friend’s health and happiness.
1. Understanding Rawhide and Dog Chewing Habits
The safety of rawhide for dogs is a multifaceted issue influenced by several factors, most importantly a dog’s chewing style. A dog’s breed, size, and age dictate how safely they can enjoy chewing on rawhide. It is always best to be informed, observe, and consult your veterinarian for all questions and concerns.
1.1. How Chewing Style Affects Rawhide Safety
A dog’s size is a significant factor. A small Chihuahua cannot generate as much force as a Rottweiler. Moreover, puppies tend to chew less intensely than adults, and senior dogs may have weakened chewing abilities. Because of this, it is important to always observe your dog and be aware that their chewing style may change as they age.
1.2. Rawhide: A Long-Lasting Chew
Rawhides are meant to be long-lasting chews that break down into tiny, soft pieces over time. However, aggressive chewers might be able to break off larger chunks that can cause choking or intestinal blockage if swallowed.
- Offer appropriately sized rawhide to avoid choking hazards.
- Monitor enthusiastic chewers closely when giving them rawhide chews.
- Remove the rawhide chew if your dog breaks off large chunks easily.
- Dispose of the chew in a place where the dog cannot access it.
1.3. When Rawhide Is Safe
For dogs that are gentle chewers, rawhides are generally considered safe as they do not easily break them down into chunks. It’s important to supervise your dog while they enjoy a rawhide and remove it if they’re breaking it down too fast.
2. Examining Rawhide Ingredient Safety
Many dog owners are now concerned about the ingredients in their dogs’ food and treats. Some rawhide chew manufacturers promote their “natural, digestible chews.” This indicates that rawhide chews are not all the same. Rawhide chews are made from dried animal skins, which seems natural enough. What is important to consider is where these rawhide chews are made.
2.1. The Importance of Sourcing
Rawhides made in the United States might be harder to find and more expensive than average rawhide chews, but the benefits are often worth the cost.
2.2. Manufacturing Process
Rawhide chews are made from the leather industry’s leftovers. Most hides are taken directly from the kill floors at slaughterhouses and placed into high-salt brines to slow decay. Most rawhide chews are manufactured in China, and it can take weeks to months before these brined hides make it to tanneries for final manufacturing.
2.3. Chemical Treatments
Once the hide arrives at a tannery, it is soaked and treated with lime to separate fat from the skin. Hair is removed by chemical and physical efforts, and the hide is rinsed again. Salt brines cannot prevent decay, no matter how long they delay it. It is best to fully rinse a rawhide in water prior to giving it to your dog.
3. Rawhide Digestibility: What You Need To Know
Rawhide digestibility can vary from dog to dog and chew to chew. Generally speaking, rawhides are not easily digested. This is why large chunks that break off and are swallowed whole can cause intestinal obstructions in dogs.
3.1. Potential Digestive Issues
Any rawhide pieces your dog breaks off and swallows will have to pass through their digestive system in chunks since they won’t be digested as well as the rest of their food.
3.2. Preventing Complications
It is best to throw away pieces of chewed-up rawhide before your dog has a chance to swallow them, as the chunks have the potential to cause swallowing or intestinal obstructions. Furthermore, if they do swallow a piece that isn’t large enough to cause an emergency issue, the not-so-easily digested rawhide can still hang out for months in your dog’s stomach, leading to gastrointestinal issues or discomfort.
3.3. When Rawhide Is Digestible
That said, dogs that truly take their time chewing on rawhides and don’t swallow large pieces should have no digestive problems with rawhide. Some manufacturers even make rawhide chews out of more digestible ingredients, and although they don’t always last as long as natural rawhides, they are excellent alternatives for dogs that might have stomach or safety concerns with rawhide.
3.4. Rawhide Alternatives
There are also rawhide alternative treats that are similar in texture and look to traditional rawhide but are formulated to be more digestible.
4. Making an Informed Decision About Rawhide
The decision about whether to offer rawhide chews is going to be yours and yours alone.
4.1. Factors to Consider
- Consider your dog’s individual chewing habits.
- Note any health issues.
- Decide if you’re willing to accept the extra expense of high-quality, American-made chews.
- Consult with your veterinarian.
- Read the rawhide label carefully, and remember that the thicker the rawhide, the better. It will take longer for your dog to chew.
4.2. Safe Rawhide Practices
- Supervision: Always supervise your dog while they are chewing on rawhide to ensure they are not swallowing large pieces.
- Proper Sizing: Choose rawhide chews that are appropriately sized for your dog to prevent choking hazards.
- Limited Chew Time: Restrict the amount of time your dog spends chewing on rawhide to minimize the risk of digestive issues.
- Fresh Water: Ensure your dog has access to fresh water while chewing on rawhide to help with digestion and prevent dehydration.
- Regular Vet Checks: Schedule regular veterinary check-ups to monitor your dog’s overall health and discuss any concerns about rawhide consumption.
- Storage: Store rawhide chews in a cool, dry place to prevent bacterial growth and maintain their quality.
- Monitor Stool: Keep an eye on your dog’s stool for any signs of undigested rawhide or digestive upset.
5. Alternatives to Rawhide Chews
There are many great alternatives to rawhide chews, but for the right dog, these treats can be a safe option. It all comes down to your comfort level and ability to recognize the risks involved in providing them to your dog.
5.1. Bully Sticks
Bully sticks are a popular alternative to rawhide, made from dried bull pizzle.
- Pros: Highly digestible, long-lasting, and a good source of protein.
- Cons: Can be high in calories and may have a strong odor.
5.2. Dental Chews
Dental chews are designed to promote oral health by reducing plaque and tartar buildup.
- Pros: Various shapes and textures, often contain breath-freshening ingredients.
- Cons: Some dogs may swallow them quickly, reducing their effectiveness.
5.3. Vegetable-Based Chews
Vegetable-based chews are made from plant-based ingredients like sweet potato or cornstarch.
- Pros: Low in calories, easily digestible, and suitable for dogs with allergies.
- Cons: May not last as long as other chews and may not satisfy strong chewers.
5.4. Nylon Bones
Nylon bones are durable and long-lasting, designed to withstand aggressive chewing.
- Pros: Very durable, can be flavored, and help with dental health.
- Cons: Small pieces can break off and be ingested, potentially causing digestive issues.
5.5. Himalayan Cheese Chews
Himalayan cheese chews are made from hardened yak and cow milk.
- Pros: Long-lasting, digestible, and a good source of protein and calcium.
- Cons: Can be expensive and may not be suitable for dogs with dairy sensitivities.
5.6. Sweet Potato Chews
Sweet potato chews are made from dehydrated sweet potatoes.
- Pros: High in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, and easily digestible.
- Cons: May not last as long as other chews and can be sticky.
5.7. Carrot Sticks
Raw carrots can be a healthy and crunchy chew for dogs.
- Pros: Low in calories, high in fiber and vitamins, and promote dental health.
- Cons: Can be messy and may not last long.
5.8. Frozen Kongs
Kongs filled with dog-friendly ingredients like peanut butter, yogurt, or mashed bananas and then frozen.
- Pros: Long-lasting, mentally stimulating, and can be customized with different ingredients.
- Cons: Requires preparation time and can be messy.
5.9. Rope Toys
Rope toys can satisfy a dog’s urge to chew while also providing an opportunity for play.
- Pros: Durable, can help with dental health, and provide mental stimulation.
- Cons: Strands can come loose and be ingested, potentially causing digestive issues.
6. Potential Risks Associated with Rawhide Chews
Rawhide chews pose several potential risks to dogs, which can range from mild digestive upset to life-threatening emergencies. Understanding these risks is essential for making informed decisions about whether to offer rawhide to your canine companion.
6.1. Choking Hazard
One of the most significant risks associated with rawhide chews is the potential for choking. As dogs chew on rawhide, they may break off large pieces that can become lodged in their throat, obstructing their airway.
Preventive Measures:
- Supervise: Always supervise your dog while they are chewing on rawhide.
- Size: Choose rawhide chews that are appropriately sized for your dog.
- Discard: Throw away any large pieces that break off to prevent your dog from swallowing them.
6.2. Digestive Obstruction
If a dog swallows a large piece of rawhide, it can cause a digestive obstruction, particularly in the esophagus, stomach, or intestines. Rawhide is not easily digestible, and large pieces can become lodged in the digestive tract, leading to pain, vomiting, and potentially life-threatening complications.
Symptoms of Digestive Obstruction:
- Vomiting
- Loss of appetite
- Abdominal pain
- Lethargy
- Straining to defecate
What to Do:
If you suspect your dog has a digestive obstruction, seek immediate veterinary attention.
6.3. Contamination
Rawhide chews can be contaminated with bacteria, such as Salmonella or E. coli, which can pose a health risk to both dogs and humans. Contamination can occur during the manufacturing process or through improper storage.
Preventive Measures:
- Wash Hands: Wash your hands thoroughly after handling rawhide chews.
- Storage: Store rawhide chews in a cool, dry place to prevent bacterial growth.
- Source: Choose rawhide chews from reputable manufacturers with strict quality control standards.
6.4. Chemical Exposure
During the manufacturing process, rawhide chews may be treated with chemicals, such as bleach or formaldehyde, to remove hair, preserve the hide, and improve its appearance. These chemicals can be harmful to dogs if ingested.
Preventive Measures:
- Choose Natural: Opt for rawhide chews that are labeled as “natural” or “unbleached.”
- Manufacturer: Research the manufacturing process of the rawhide chews you purchase.
- Sourcing: Choose rawhide chews that are made in countries with strict regulations on chemical use in food products.
6.5. Dental Issues
While chewing on rawhide can help promote dental health by scraping away plaque and tartar, it can also lead to dental issues, particularly in dogs with weakened or damaged teeth. Aggressive chewing on hard rawhide can cause fractured teeth, gum irritation, and pain.
Preventive Measures:
- Monitor: Monitor your dog’s chewing habits and check their teeth regularly for any signs of damage.
- Chew Toys: Provide alternative chew toys that are softer and less likely to cause dental issues.
- Regular Checks: Schedule regular dental check-ups with your veterinarian to identify and address any dental problems early on.
7. Rawhide Alternatives: A Detailed Comparison
| Chew Type | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|
| Bully Sticks | Highly digestible, long-lasting, good source of protein. | High in calories, can have a strong odor. |
| Dental Chews | Various shapes and textures, often contain breath-freshening ingredients. | Some dogs may swallow them quickly, reducing effectiveness. |
| Vegetable-Based Chews | Low in calories, easily digestible, suitable for dogs with allergies. | May not last as long, may not satisfy strong chewers. |
| Nylon Bones | Very durable, can be flavored, help with dental health. | Small pieces can break off and be ingested. |
| Himalayan Cheese Chews | Long-lasting, digestible, good source of protein and calcium. | Can be expensive, may not be suitable for dogs with dairy sensitivities. |
| Sweet Potato Chews | High in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, easily digestible. | May not last as long, can be sticky. |
| Carrot Sticks | Low in calories, high in fiber and vitamins, promote dental health. | Can be messy, may not last long. |
| Frozen Kongs | Long-lasting, mentally stimulating, can be customized with different ingredients. | Requires preparation time, can be messy. |
| Rope Toys | Durable, can help with dental health, provide mental stimulation. | Strands can come loose and be ingested. |
| Rawhide Chews (With Care) | Can be long-lasting, helps promote dental health for some dogs, some enjoy the activity greatly. | Can be a choking hazard, hard to digest, can contain chemicals or be contaminated, might damage teeth. |
8. Veterinarian Insights on Rawhide Safety
Veterinarians play a crucial role in guiding pet owners on the safety of rawhide chews. Their expertise and insights can help you make informed decisions based on your dog’s specific needs and health conditions.
8.1. Professional Assessment
Veterinarians can assess your dog’s individual chewing habits, dental health, and overall health status to determine whether rawhide chews are a safe option. They can also identify any pre-existing conditions that may increase the risk of complications associated with rawhide consumption.
8.2. Safety Advice
Veterinarians can provide specific recommendations on how to safely offer rawhide chews to your dog, including:
- Size and Shape: Selecting the appropriate size and shape of rawhide chews based on your dog’s size and chewing style.
- Supervision: Emphasizing the importance of supervising your dog while they are chewing on rawhide.
- Chew Time: Recommending a limited chew time to minimize the risk of digestive issues.
- Alternative Options: Suggesting alternative chew toys that are safer and more appropriate for your dog’s needs.
8.3. Expert Insights
Veterinarians are knowledgeable about the potential risks associated with rawhide chews, including choking hazards, digestive obstructions, contamination, and chemical exposure. They can provide detailed information on these risks and help you weigh the benefits and drawbacks of offering rawhide to your dog.
8.4. Signs to Watch For
Veterinarians can educate you on the signs and symptoms of complications associated with rawhide consumption, such as vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and lethargy. They can also advise you on when to seek immediate veterinary care if your dog experiences any adverse reactions after chewing on rawhide.
8.5. Tailored Guidance
Veterinarians can provide tailored guidance based on your dog’s specific needs and health conditions. For example, they may recommend avoiding rawhide chews altogether for dogs with a history of digestive issues, dental problems, or allergies. Alternatively, they may suggest opting for more digestible and safer alternatives, such as bully sticks, dental chews, or vegetable-based chews.
9. Recent Studies and Findings on Rawhide
Several studies and reports have shed light on the potential risks associated with rawhide chews for dogs. It’s important to stay informed about the latest research to make the best choices for your pet’s safety.
9.1. Digestibility Research
Studies on the digestibility of rawhide have shown that it is not easily broken down in the canine digestive system. This can lead to digestive upset, including vomiting and diarrhea. For example, research published in the Canadian Veterinary Journal highlighted that rawhide consumption could result in gastrointestinal issues due to its poor digestibility.
9.2. Contamination Reports
Reports from the FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) have indicated instances where rawhide chews were found to be contaminated with bacteria, such as Salmonella and E. coli. These contaminants can pose a health risk to both dogs and humans handling the chews. Always wash your hands thoroughly after handling rawhide and monitor your dog for any signs of illness.
9.3. Chemical Analysis
Chemical analyses of rawhide chews have revealed the presence of various chemicals used during the manufacturing process, including bleach, formaldehyde, and other preservatives. A study in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry examined the chemical residues in rawhide and found that some samples contained traces of potentially harmful substances. Choose rawhide chews that are labeled as “natural” or “unbleached” to minimize chemical exposure.
9.4. Choking Hazard Data
Data from veterinary emergency rooms indicate that rawhide chews are a common cause of choking incidents in dogs. A report by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) noted that rawhide chews are among the items most frequently associated with choking hazards in pets. Select rawhide chews that are appropriately sized for your dog and always supervise them while they are chewing.
9.5. Alternative Chew Safety
Studies comparing rawhide chews to alternative chew options, such as bully sticks and dental chews, have found that the alternatives are often more digestible and less likely to cause digestive issues. Research published in the Journal of Nutritional Science showed that bully sticks, for example, are more easily digested by dogs than rawhide. Consider safer alternatives to rawhide, especially if your dog has a history of digestive problems.
10. Addressing Common Concerns About Rawhide
Many dog owners have concerns about the safety of rawhide chews. Here, we address some common questions to help you make an informed decision.
10.1. Is Rawhide Safe for Puppies?
Puppies have more sensitive digestive systems and may be more prone to choking hazards.
Recommendation:
Avoid rawhide chews for puppies. Opt for safer alternatives like puppy-specific dental chews or soft rubber toys.
10.2. Can Rawhide Cause Allergies?
Some dogs may be allergic to rawhide, particularly if they have sensitivities to beef or other animal products.
Symptoms of Allergies:
- Itching
- Skin rashes
- Digestive upset
Recommendation:
If your dog shows signs of an allergic reaction, discontinue rawhide use and consult your veterinarian.
10.3. How Can I Tell If Rawhide Is High Quality?
High-quality rawhide chews are made from natural, unprocessed materials and are free from harmful chemicals.
Indicators of Quality:
- Made in the USA or countries with strict manufacturing standards.
- Labeled as “natural” or “unbleached.”
- Free from artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives.
Recommendation:
Choose rawhide chews from reputable brands with transparent manufacturing processes.
10.4. What Are the Signs of a Rawhide Blockage?
A rawhide blockage can occur if a dog swallows a large piece of rawhide that becomes lodged in their digestive tract.
Signs of a Blockage:
- Vomiting
- Loss of appetite
- Abdominal pain
- Lethargy
- Straining to defecate
Recommendation:
If you suspect a rawhide blockage, seek immediate veterinary attention.
10.5. How Often Can I Give My Dog Rawhide?
Even if rawhide is deemed safe for your dog, it should be given in moderation.
Recommendation:
Limit rawhide chews to once or twice a week to minimize the risk of digestive issues and other complications.
11. Practical Tips for Safe Rawhide Use
If you decide to offer rawhide chews to your dog, follow these practical tips to minimize the risks.
11.1. Select the Right Size and Shape
Choose rawhide chews that are appropriately sized for your dog’s size and chewing style.
- Too Small: Can be a choking hazard.
- Too Large: May be difficult to chew and digest.
Recommendation:
Opt for rawhide chews that are slightly larger than your dog’s mouth to prevent them from swallowing it whole.
11.2. Supervise Your Dog
Always supervise your dog while they are chewing on rawhide to ensure they are not swallowing large pieces.
Actions to Take:
- Monitor their chewing habits.
- Remove any large pieces that break off.
- Intervene if they start to choke.
11.3. Limit Chew Time
Restrict the amount of time your dog spends chewing on rawhide to minimize the risk of digestive issues.
Recommendation:
Limit chew time to 15-20 minutes per session.
11.4. Provide Fresh Water
Ensure your dog has access to fresh water while chewing on rawhide to help with digestion and prevent dehydration.
Actions to Take:
- Keep a bowl of water nearby.
- Encourage them to drink regularly.
11.5. Store Rawhide Properly
Store rawhide chews in a cool, dry place to prevent bacterial growth and maintain their quality.
Storage Guidelines:
- Keep them in an airtight container.
- Avoid storing them in direct sunlight or humid environments.
12. The Future of Dog Chews: Innovations and Trends
The market for dog chews is constantly evolving, with new innovations and trends emerging to meet the needs of pet owners.
12.1. Sustainable Chews
As environmental awareness grows, there is increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly dog chews.
Examples:
- Chews made from recycled materials.
- Chews made from sustainably sourced ingredients.
12.2. Functional Chews
Functional chews are designed to provide specific health benefits, such as dental care or joint support.
Examples:
- Dental chews with added enzymes to reduce plaque.
- Chews with glucosamine and chondroitin to support joint health.
12.3. Personalized Chews
Personalized chews are tailored to meet the specific needs of individual dogs, based on factors like age, size, and health conditions.
Examples:
- Chews with customized ingredients for dogs with allergies.
- Chews with specific textures for dogs with dental problems.
12.4. Technology-Enhanced Chews
Technology-enhanced chews incorporate features like sensors or interactive elements to provide mental stimulation and track chewing habits.
Examples:
- Chews with built-in sensors to monitor chewing pressure.
- Chews with interactive elements to dispense treats.
12.5. Plant-Based Chews
Plant-based chews are becoming increasingly popular as more pet owners seek vegetarian and vegan options for their dogs.
Examples:
- Chews made from sweet potato, carrots, or other vegetables.
- Chews made from plant-based proteins like soy or pea protein.
13. Expert Opinions: Why Rawhides Are A Concern
Industry experts and veterinarians often express concerns regarding the safety and digestibility of rawhide chews.
13.1. Dr. Karen Becker, DVM
A well-known integrative veterinarian, Dr. Becker has voiced concerns about the potential chemical contamination and poor digestibility of rawhide chews. She often recommends safer, natural alternatives.
13.2. American Kennel Club (AKC)
While the AKC acknowledges that some rawhide chews can be safe for certain dogs, they emphasize the importance of supervision and selecting appropriate sizes to avoid choking hazards. They also provide guidelines for recognizing signs of digestive issues.
13.3. Pet Poison Helpline
The Pet Poison Helpline lists rawhide as a potential choking hazard and advises owners to be cautious. They also warn about potential bacterial contamination and the risk of digestive obstruction.
13.4. Dr. Ryan Llera, BSc, DVM
Dr. Llera recommends that pet owners choose chews based on their dog’s size, chewing habits, and any underlying health issues. He often suggests alternatives like bully sticks or dental chews that are more digestible and less likely to cause problems.
13.5. Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
Tufts University’s veterinary experts advise pet owners to be aware of the potential risks associated with rawhide chews, including choking, gastrointestinal upset, and contamination. They recommend consulting with a veterinarian to determine the safest chew options for individual dogs.
14. Real Stories: Rawhide Incidents
Hearing real stories from pet owners can provide valuable insights into the potential risks associated with rawhide chews.
14.1. Choking Scare
Sarah, a dog owner from California, shared her experience with her Labrador, Max. “Max loves to chew, and I thought rawhide would be a good option to keep him busy. One day, he broke off a large piece, and I saw him start to choke. It was terrifying. Luckily, I managed to dislodge it, but I’ll never give him rawhide again.”
14.2. Digestive Obstruction
John, from Texas, recounted his ordeal with his Golden Retriever, Buddy. “Buddy swallowed a large piece of rawhide, and within a few hours, he started vomiting and acting lethargic. We rushed him to the vet, where they discovered a blockage in his intestines. He needed surgery to remove it. It was a costly and stressful experience.”
14.3. Bacterial Contamination
Emily, from New York, shared her concern about bacterial contamination. “I always wash my hands thoroughly after handling rawhide chews because I’ve read about the risk of Salmonella. I’m extra cautious because I have young children, and I don’t want them to get sick.”
14.4. Dental Damage
David, from Florida, noticed that his German Shepherd, Rocky, had a fractured tooth after chewing on a rawhide bone. “Rocky loves to chew aggressively, and I didn’t realize that rawhide could damage his teeth. The vet said it was a common issue with hard chews. Now, I only give him softer options.”
14.5. Allergic Reaction
Lisa, from Washington, discovered that her Bulldog, Gus, was allergic to rawhide. “Gus developed itchy skin and digestive upset after chewing on rawhide. The vet confirmed that he had an allergic reaction. We switched to hypoallergenic chews, and he’s been much better since.”
15. FAQ: Common Questions About Rawhide
To help you make informed decisions, here are some frequently asked questions about rawhide chews.
15.1. What Is Rawhide Made Of?
Rawhide is made from the inner layer of cow or horse hides. During manufacturing, the hide is cleaned, cut, and pressed into different shapes.
15.2. Are All Rawhide Chews the Same?
No, rawhide chews can vary in quality, thickness, and manufacturing processes. Some may contain additives or chemicals.
15.3. Can Rawhide Help Clean My Dog’s Teeth?
Yes, chewing on rawhide can help remove plaque and tartar, promoting dental health. However, safer alternatives are available.
15.4. How Do I Choose the Right Size Rawhide for My Dog?
Select a rawhide chew that is slightly larger than your dog’s mouth to prevent swallowing it whole.
15.5. What Are the Signs That My Dog Is Having Trouble Digesting Rawhide?
Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and abdominal pain. Seek veterinary care if these symptoms occur.
15.6. Can I Leave My Dog Unattended with a Rawhide Chew?
No, always supervise your dog while they are chewing on rawhide to prevent choking and other hazards.
15.7. How Should I Store Rawhide Chews?
Store rawhide chews in a cool, dry place to prevent bacterial growth.
15.8. What Are Some Safer Alternatives to Rawhide?
Safer alternatives include bully sticks, dental chews, vegetable-based chews, and nylon bones.
15.9. Can Puppies Have Rawhide?
It is generally not recommended to give rawhide to puppies due to their sensitive digestive systems.
15.10. Should I Consult My Vet Before Giving My Dog Rawhide?
Yes, consulting with your veterinarian is always a good idea to ensure rawhide is safe for your dog.
Navigating the world of dog chews can be overwhelming, but WHY.EDU.VN is here to help. If you’re still unsure about rawhide or other dog-related questions, don’t hesitate to reach out to our experts. Visit WHY.EDU.VN to ask your questions and get reliable, expert answers. Our team is dedicated to providing accurate and trustworthy information to help you make the best choices for your beloved pet. Contact us at 101 Curiosity Lane, Answer Town, CA 90210, United States, or via Whatsapp at +1 (213) 555-0101. Visit our website at why.edu.vn for more information.
