Monarch butterfly endangerment is a pressing issue, and WHY.EDU.VN is dedicated to providing comprehensive insights into the factors contributing to their decline. These iconic insects face significant challenges such as habitat loss, pesticide use, climate change, and disease. Understanding these threats is crucial for implementing effective conservation strategies and ensuring the survival of monarch populations.
1. Understanding the Plight of Monarch Butterflies
Monarch butterflies, known for their striking orange and black wings and remarkable long-distance migration, are facing a severe decline in population. Understanding the reasons behind this decline is essential for effective conservation efforts. This section explores the key factors contributing to the endangerment of monarch butterflies, highlighting the urgency of addressing these issues.
1.1. What Defines Monarch Butterfly Endangerment?
Endangerment, in the context of monarch butterflies, signifies that their population has declined to a point where they are at risk of extinction. Several factors contribute to this status, including habitat loss, pesticide use, climate change, and diseases. The term “endangered” itself has a specific meaning under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the United States, though the monarch butterfly’s official status under the ESA has been a topic of ongoing evaluation and discussion.
1.2. The Current Conservation Status of Monarch Butterflies
While the monarch butterfly is not currently listed as “endangered” under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has proposed listing it as “threatened.” This proposal acknowledges the significant threats facing the species and aims to implement conservation measures to prevent further decline. Organizations like the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) have already listed the migratory monarch butterfly as endangered, underscoring the global concern for their survival.
1.3. Historical Population Trends vs. Current Numbers
Historically, monarch butterfly populations were abundant, with millions migrating across North America each year. However, monitoring efforts over the past few decades have revealed a drastic decline. For example, the eastern monarch population, which overwinters in Mexico, has experienced significant fluctuations, with some years showing promising increases followed by subsequent declines. The western monarch population, which overwinters in California, has suffered even more dramatically, reaching critically low levels in recent years. Understanding these trends is crucial for assessing the effectiveness of conservation strategies and identifying areas where more action is needed.
2. Detailed Analysis of Factors Contributing to Monarch Butterfly Decline
The decline of monarch butterflies is a complex issue influenced by multiple interacting factors. This section provides an in-depth analysis of the primary threats contributing to their endangerment, including habitat loss and degradation, pesticide use, climate change, and disease.
2.1. Habitat Loss and Degradation: A Critical Threat
Habitat loss is one of the most significant threats to monarch butterflies. Monarchs rely on specific habitats during their breeding, migration, and overwintering phases, and the destruction or degradation of these habitats can have devastating consequences.
2.1.1. Loss of Milkweed: The Monarch’s Primary Food Source
Milkweed plants are the sole food source for monarch caterpillars. The widespread use of herbicides in agriculture, particularly glyphosate-resistant crops, has led to a significant decline in milkweed populations across the monarch’s breeding range. This loss of milkweed directly impacts the survival and reproduction of monarch butterflies.
2.1.2. Deforestation of Overwintering Sites in Mexico
Eastern monarch butterflies migrate thousands of miles to overwinter in the oyamel fir forests of central Mexico. Illegal logging and deforestation in these areas have reduced the availability of suitable overwintering habitat, exposing monarchs to harsh weather conditions and increasing their mortality rates.
2.1.3. Habitat Loss in California’s Overwintering Groves
Western monarch butterflies overwinter in groves along the California coast. Development, agriculture, and other human activities have led to the loss and degradation of these overwintering sites, reducing the availability of shelter and resources for monarchs during the critical winter months.
The image shows the remarkable phenomenon of monarch butterflies clustering together on trees during their overwintering period in California, where they seek shelter and warmth to survive the winter months.
2.2. The Impact of Pesticides on Monarch Butterflies
Pesticides, particularly insecticides, pose a significant threat to monarch butterflies. Exposure to pesticides can directly kill monarchs or indirectly harm them by reducing the availability of milkweed and nectar sources.
2.2.1. Neonicotinoids: A Widespread Threat
Neonicotinoids are a class of insecticides widely used in agriculture and horticulture. These systemic pesticides are absorbed by plants, making them toxic to insects that feed on them. Monarch caterpillars can be exposed to neonicotinoids by feeding on contaminated milkweed, leading to reduced growth, impaired development, and increased mortality.
2.2.2. Herbicide Use and Milkweed Depletion
As mentioned earlier, the widespread use of herbicides, particularly glyphosate, has led to a significant decline in milkweed populations. This loss of milkweed directly impacts monarch caterpillars, as it is their sole food source. The combination of herbicide use and insecticide exposure creates a double whammy for monarch butterflies, further exacerbating their decline.
2.2.3. Drift from Agricultural Fields
Pesticide drift, where pesticides are carried by wind or other means to non-target areas, can expose monarch butterflies to harmful chemicals even in habitats that are not directly treated with pesticides. This drift can contaminate milkweed and nectar sources in roadside areas, gardens, and other habitats used by monarchs.
2.3. Climate Change: An Emerging Threat
Climate change is an increasingly significant threat to monarch butterflies, affecting their migration patterns, breeding success, and overwintering survival.
2.3.1. Disruptions to Migration Patterns
Monarch butterflies rely on specific environmental cues, such as temperature and day length, to trigger their migration. Climate change can disrupt these cues, causing monarchs to migrate at the wrong time or to deviate from their traditional migration routes. This can lead to mismatches between monarch arrival and the availability of milkweed and nectar resources, reducing their reproductive success.
2.3.2. Extreme Weather Events
Extreme weather events, such as droughts, floods, and severe storms, can have devastating impacts on monarch butterflies. Droughts can reduce the availability of milkweed and nectar sources, while floods and storms can destroy breeding habitats and overwintering sites.
2.3.3. Changes in Temperature and Precipitation
Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can alter the distribution and abundance of milkweed and nectar plants, affecting the availability of food resources for monarch butterflies. Warmer temperatures can also increase the risk of diseases and parasites, further threatening monarch populations.
2.4. Diseases and Parasites Affecting Monarchs
Monarch butterflies are susceptible to various diseases and parasites, which can weaken them and reduce their survival and reproduction.
2.4.1. Ophryocystis elektroscirrha (OE): A Debilitating Parasite
OE is a protozoan parasite that infects monarch butterflies. Infected monarchs have reduced flight ability, shorter lifespans, and lower reproductive success. OE is particularly prevalent in migratory monarch populations, where butterflies congregate in large numbers, facilitating the transmission of the parasite.
2.4.2. Bacterial and Viral Infections
Monarch butterflies can also be infected by various bacteria and viruses, which can cause disease and death. These infections can be exacerbated by environmental stressors, such as habitat loss and pesticide exposure, which weaken the immune systems of monarchs.
2.4.3. Impact of Habitat Loss on Disease Transmission
Habitat loss can increase the risk of disease transmission in monarch butterflies. When monarchs are forced to congregate in smaller areas due to habitat loss, they are more likely to come into contact with infected individuals, increasing the spread of diseases and parasites.
3. The Monarch Butterfly’s Life Cycle and Migration Patterns
Understanding the monarch butterfly’s life cycle and migration patterns is crucial for developing effective conservation strategies. This section provides a detailed overview of the monarch’s life cycle, migration routes, and the ecological significance of their migration.
3.1. The Four Stages of the Monarch Life Cycle
The monarch butterfly undergoes complete metamorphosis, with four distinct life stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis), and adult.
3.1.1. Egg Stage
Monarch butterflies lay their eggs on milkweed plants. The eggs are small, oval-shaped, and typically laid singly on the underside of milkweed leaves.
3.1.2. Larva (Caterpillar) Stage
The larva, or caterpillar, hatches from the egg and begins feeding on milkweed leaves. The caterpillar grows rapidly, molting its skin several times as it increases in size.
3.1.3. Pupa (Chrysalis) Stage
Once the caterpillar reaches its full size, it transforms into a pupa, or chrysalis. The chrysalis is a green, translucent structure that hangs from a milkweed stem or other support. Inside the chrysalis, the caterpillar undergoes a dramatic transformation, reorganizing its tissues to form the adult butterfly.
3.1.4. Adult Stage
After about two weeks, the adult butterfly emerges from the chrysalis. The adult monarch butterfly has distinctive orange and black wings, with a wingspan of about 4 inches.
The image illustrates the complete life cycle of the monarch butterfly, showcasing the distinct stages from egg to larva (caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis), and finally the adult butterfly.
3.2. The Remarkable Monarch Migration: A Generational Journey
Monarch butterflies are famous for their long-distance migration, one of the most spectacular natural events in the world.
3.2.1. Eastern Monarch Migration: From Canada to Mexico
Eastern monarch butterflies migrate from Canada and the United States to overwinter in the oyamel fir forests of central Mexico. This migration is a multi-generational journey, with several generations of monarchs living and dying along the way. The generation that makes the final journey to Mexico is known as the “super generation,” as they live much longer than the other generations.
3.2.2. Western Monarch Migration: Overwintering in California
Western monarch butterflies migrate from the western United States and Canada to overwinter in groves along the California coast. Like the eastern monarchs, the western monarchs also undertake a multi-generational migration.
3.2.3. Threats to Migration Routes
The monarch migration is threatened by habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change. The loss of milkweed and nectar sources along the migration routes can make it difficult for monarchs to fuel their journey. Pesticide exposure can weaken monarchs and reduce their survival. Climate change can disrupt migration patterns and alter the availability of resources.
3.3. The Ecological Significance of Monarch Migration
The monarch migration plays an important role in the ecology of North America.
3.3.1. Pollination
Monarch butterflies are important pollinators, transferring pollen from flower to flower as they feed on nectar. This pollination is essential for the reproduction of many plant species.
3.3.2. Food Source for Other Animals
Monarch caterpillars and butterflies serve as a food source for other animals, such as birds and insects.
3.3.3. Indicator Species
Monarch butterflies are considered an indicator species, meaning that their health reflects the overall health of the environment. The decline of monarch populations is a warning sign that ecosystems are under stress.
4. Conservation Efforts to Protect Monarch Butterflies
Numerous conservation efforts are underway to protect monarch butterflies and their habitats. This section highlights some of the key initiatives and strategies being implemented to address the threats facing monarchs.
4.1. Habitat Restoration and Milkweed Planting Initiatives
Habitat restoration and milkweed planting are crucial for providing monarchs with the resources they need to survive and reproduce.
4.1.1. Government Programs and Funding
Various government programs and funding initiatives support habitat restoration and milkweed planting efforts. For example, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers programs that provide financial incentives for landowners to plant milkweed and other pollinator-friendly plants on their property.
4.1.2. Non-Profit Organizations and Their Role
Non-profit organizations play a vital role in monarch conservation. Organizations such as Monarch Joint Venture, the Xerces Society, and the National Wildlife Federation work to restore habitat, conduct research, and educate the public about monarch conservation.
4.1.3. Community Involvement and Citizen Science
Community involvement and citizen science projects are essential for engaging the public in monarch conservation. Programs such as Monarch Watch encourage citizens to tag monarch butterflies and monitor their migration. These efforts provide valuable data on monarch populations and migration patterns.
4.2. Reducing Pesticide Use: Sustainable Agriculture Practices
Reducing pesticide use is crucial for protecting monarch butterflies and other beneficial insects.
4.2.1. Promoting Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
IPM is a sustainable approach to pest control that emphasizes preventing pest problems through a combination of cultural, biological, and chemical methods. IPM strategies can reduce the need for pesticides and minimize their impact on non-target organisms.
4.2.2. Organic Farming and Reduced Chemical Inputs
Organic farming practices avoid the use of synthetic pesticides and herbicides, providing a safer environment for monarch butterflies and other wildlife.
4.2.3. Public Awareness Campaigns
Public awareness campaigns can educate consumers about the impact of pesticides on monarch butterflies and encourage them to support sustainable agriculture practices.
4.3. Addressing Climate Change: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies
Addressing climate change is essential for protecting monarch butterflies in the long term.
4.3.1. Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is crucial for mitigating the impacts of climate change on monarch butterflies and other species. This can be achieved through a variety of measures, such as transitioning to renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and reducing deforestation.
4.3.2. Protecting and Restoring Overwintering Habitats
Protecting and restoring overwintering habitats in Mexico and California is essential for ensuring that monarchs have access to suitable shelter and resources during the winter months.
4.3.3. Assisted Migration and Habitat Management
Assisted migration, the intentional translocation of species to more suitable habitats, may be necessary to help monarch butterflies adapt to climate change. Habitat management strategies, such as providing supplemental food and water, can also help monarchs cope with the effects of climate change.
4.4. Legal and Policy Measures for Monarch Conservation
Legal and policy measures play a crucial role in protecting monarch butterflies and their habitats.
4.4.1. The Endangered Species Act (ESA) and Monarch Butterflies
As mentioned earlier, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has proposed listing the monarch butterfly as “threatened” under the Endangered Species Act. If listed, the ESA would provide additional protections for monarchs and their habitats.
4.4.2. International Agreements and Collaborations
International agreements and collaborations are essential for coordinating monarch conservation efforts across North America. The Trilateral Committee for Wildlife and Ecosystem Conservation, which includes representatives from Canada, Mexico, and the United States, works to promote monarch conservation and habitat restoration.
4.4.3. State and Local Regulations
State and local regulations can also play a role in monarch conservation. For example, some states have implemented regulations to restrict the use of neonicotinoid insecticides or to protect monarch habitat.
5. What You Can Do to Help Monarch Butterflies
Everyone can play a role in protecting monarch butterflies. This section provides practical tips and actions that individuals can take to help monarchs in their own communities.
5.1. Planting Milkweed and Nectar Plants in Your Garden
Planting milkweed and nectar plants in your garden is one of the most effective ways to help monarch butterflies.
5.1.1. Choosing Native Milkweed Species
It is important to choose native milkweed species that are appropriate for your region. Native milkweed species are best adapted to local conditions and provide the most nutritious food for monarch caterpillars.
5.1.2. Providing a Variety of Nectar Plants
In addition to milkweed, monarchs need nectar plants to fuel their migration and reproduction. Choose a variety of nectar plants that bloom throughout the growing season to provide a continuous source of food for monarchs.
5.1.3. Creating a Monarch-Friendly Habitat
Create a monarch-friendly habitat by providing a source of water, shelter from the wind, and avoiding the use of pesticides.
The image shows a monarch caterpillar feeding on milkweed, emphasizing the importance of planting milkweed to provide a food source for these iconic butterflies and support their life cycle.
5.2. Reducing Pesticide Use in Your Yard and Garden
Reducing pesticide use in your yard and garden is crucial for protecting monarch butterflies and other beneficial insects.
5.2.1. Avoiding Neonicotinoid Insecticides
Avoid using neonicotinoid insecticides, which are highly toxic to monarch butterflies and other pollinators.
5.2.2. Using Natural Pest Control Methods
Use natural pest control methods, such as introducing beneficial insects, hand-picking pests, and using organic pesticides.
5.2.3. Educating Your Neighbors
Educate your neighbors about the impact of pesticides on monarch butterflies and encourage them to reduce their pesticide use.
5.3. Supporting Monarch Conservation Organizations
Supporting monarch conservation organizations is a great way to contribute to monarch conservation efforts.
5.3.1. Donating to Monarch Conservation Groups
Donate to monarch conservation groups such as Monarch Joint Venture, the Xerces Society, and the National Wildlife Federation.
5.3.2. Volunteering Your Time
Volunteer your time to help with habitat restoration, monarch tagging, or other conservation activities.
5.3.3. Spreading Awareness
Spread awareness about the importance of monarch conservation by sharing information with your friends, family, and community.
5.4. Participating in Citizen Science Projects
Participating in citizen science projects is a great way to contribute to monarch research and conservation.
5.4.1. Monarch Watch Tagging Program
Participate in the Monarch Watch tagging program by tagging monarch butterflies and reporting your data.
5.4.2. Journey North Monitoring Program
Participate in the Journey North monitoring program by reporting your sightings of monarch butterflies and milkweed plants.
5.4.3. Other Citizen Science Initiatives
Participate in other citizen science initiatives, such as monitoring monarch populations in your area or collecting data on milkweed abundance.
6. The Role of Education and Awareness in Monarch Conservation
Education and awareness are essential for promoting monarch conservation. This section highlights the importance of educating the public about monarch butterflies and their conservation needs.
6.1. Educating Children About Monarch Butterflies
Educating children about monarch butterflies is crucial for fostering a lifelong appreciation for nature and conservation.
6.1.1. School Programs and Curricula
School programs and curricula can incorporate lessons about monarch butterflies, their life cycle, and the threats they face.
6.1.2. Nature Centers and Museums
Nature centers and museums can offer exhibits and programs about monarch butterflies, providing hands-on learning experiences for children.
6.1.3. Engaging Activities and Games
Engaging activities and games can help children learn about monarch butterflies in a fun and interactive way.
6.2. Raising Public Awareness Through Media and Outreach
Raising public awareness through media and outreach is essential for promoting monarch conservation.
6.2.1. Social Media Campaigns
Social media campaigns can reach a wide audience and raise awareness about monarch butterflies and their conservation needs.
6.2.2. Documentaries and Films
Documentaries and films can showcase the beauty and wonder of monarch butterflies and highlight the threats they face.
6.2.3. Public Service Announcements
Public service announcements can educate the public about monarch conservation and encourage them to take action.
6.3. The Importance of Accurate Information and Scientific Research
Accurate information and scientific research are essential for informing monarch conservation efforts.
6.3.1. Supporting Scientific Studies
Supporting scientific studies can help researchers better understand monarch butterfly populations, migration patterns, and the threats they face.
6.3.2. Disseminating Research Findings
Disseminating research findings to the public and policymakers can help inform conservation decisions and promote effective management strategies.
6.3.3. Combating Misinformation
Combating misinformation about monarch butterflies and their conservation needs is crucial for ensuring that conservation efforts are based on sound science.
7. Future Outlook for Monarch Butterflies
The future outlook for monarch butterflies depends on the success of ongoing conservation efforts and the implementation of new strategies to address the threats they face.
7.1. Potential Scenarios for Population Recovery
Potential scenarios for population recovery include increased habitat restoration, reduced pesticide use, and effective climate change mitigation.
7.1.1. Optimistic Projections
Optimistic projections suggest that with concerted conservation efforts, monarch populations could recover to sustainable levels.
7.1.2. Challenges and Uncertainties
Challenges and uncertainties remain, including the ongoing impacts of climate change and the potential for new threats to emerge.
7.2. The Role of Innovation and Technology in Conservation
Innovation and technology can play a crucial role in monarch conservation.
7.2.1. Advanced Monitoring Techniques
Advanced monitoring techniques, such as remote sensing and genetic analysis, can provide valuable data on monarch populations and their habitats.
7.2.2. Precision Agriculture and Targeted Pesticide Application
Precision agriculture and targeted pesticide application can reduce the impact of pesticides on monarch butterflies and other beneficial insects.
7.2.3. Citizen Science Apps and Platforms
Citizen science apps and platforms can facilitate public participation in monarch monitoring and conservation efforts.
7.3. The Long-Term Vision for Monarch Butterfly Conservation
The long-term vision for monarch butterfly conservation is to ensure that these iconic insects thrive for generations to come.
7.3.1. Sustainable Habitats and Migration Corridors
Creating sustainable habitats and migration corridors is essential for supporting monarch populations.
7.3.2. A Community United in Conservation
A community united in conservation, including individuals, organizations, and governments, is necessary for achieving long-term success.
7.3.3. A Legacy of Stewardship
A legacy of stewardship, where future generations are committed to protecting monarch butterflies and their habitats, is the ultimate goal of monarch conservation.
8. Addressing Common Misconceptions About Monarch Butterflies
There are several common misconceptions about monarch butterflies that can hinder conservation efforts. This section addresses some of these misconceptions and provides accurate information.
8.1. Misconception: Monarchs Are Only Endangered in Mexico
Reality: While the overwintering habitats in Mexico are critical for the eastern monarch population, monarchs face threats throughout their entire range, including the United States and Canada. Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change affect monarchs in all three countries.
8.2. Misconception: Planting Any Milkweed Is Beneficial
Reality: While planting milkweed is generally beneficial, it is important to plant native milkweed species that are appropriate for your region. Non-native milkweed species can disrupt monarch migration patterns and may not provide the same nutritional value.
8.3. Misconception: Individual Actions Don’t Make a Difference
Reality: Individual actions can make a significant difference in monarch conservation. Planting milkweed, reducing pesticide use, and supporting conservation organizations are all actions that individuals can take to help monarchs.
8.4. Misconception: The Government Is Solely Responsible for Conservation
Reality: While government agencies play a crucial role in monarch conservation, it is a shared responsibility. Individuals, organizations, and businesses all have a role to play in protecting monarch butterflies.
9. Success Stories in Monarch Butterfly Conservation
Despite the challenges facing monarch butterflies, there have been several success stories in monarch conservation. This section highlights some of these success stories and provides inspiration for future conservation efforts.
9.1. Restoration of Overwintering Habitats in Mexico
Efforts to restore overwintering habitats in Mexico have been successful in reducing illegal logging and deforestation, providing monarchs with more suitable shelter and resources.
9.2. Increased Milkweed Planting in the United States
Increased milkweed planting in the United States has provided monarchs with more food for their caterpillars, helping to boost their populations.
9.3. Collaborative Conservation Efforts
Collaborative conservation efforts, involving individuals, organizations, and governments, have been successful in addressing the threats facing monarch butterflies.
10. The Economic Value of Monarch Butterflies
Monarch butterflies have significant economic value, contributing to tourism, agriculture, and other industries. This section highlights the economic value of monarch butterflies and the importance of protecting them.
10.1. Ecotourism and Butterfly Viewing
Ecotourism and butterfly viewing generate revenue for local communities and provide opportunities for education and recreation.
10.2. Pollination Services
Monarch butterflies provide pollination services that are essential for the reproduction of many plant species, including crops.
10.3. Educational and Research Opportunities
Monarch butterflies provide educational and research opportunities that contribute to scientific knowledge and understanding.
Table: Summary of Threats to Monarch Butterflies and Potential Solutions
| Threat | Description | Potential Solutions |
|---|---|---|
| Habitat Loss | Loss of milkweed and nectar plants in breeding areas; deforestation in overwintering sites. | Habitat restoration, milkweed planting initiatives, protection of overwintering habitats. |
| Pesticide Use | Exposure to insecticides and herbicides, particularly neonicotinoids and glyphosate. | Promoting IPM, organic farming, reduced chemical inputs, public awareness campaigns. |
| Climate Change | Disruptions to migration patterns, extreme weather events, changes in temperature and precipitation. | Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, protecting overwintering habitats, assisted migration, habitat management. |
| Diseases and Parasites | Infections by OE and other pathogens, exacerbated by habitat loss and environmental stressors. | Habitat restoration, reducing stress on monarchs, promoting healthy populations. |
FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions About Monarch Butterfly Endangerment
- Are monarch butterflies currently listed under the Endangered Species Act?
No, the monarch butterfly is not currently listed as “endangered” under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, but the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has proposed listing it as “threatened.” - What is the main food source for monarch caterpillars?
Milkweed plants are the sole food source for monarch caterpillars. - Where do eastern monarch butterflies overwinter?
Eastern monarch butterflies overwinter in the oyamel fir forests of central Mexico. - Where do western monarch butterflies overwinter?
Western monarch butterflies overwinter in groves along the California coast. - What is neonicotinoid?
Neonicotinoids are a class of insecticides widely used in agriculture and horticulture that are harmful to monarch butterflies and other pollinators. - What is OE?
OE stands for Ophryocystis elektroscirrha, a protozoan parasite that infects monarch butterflies. - How can I help monarch butterflies in my garden?
You can help monarch butterflies by planting milkweed and nectar plants, reducing pesticide use, and providing a source of water. - What are some monarch conservation organizations that I can support?
Some monarch conservation organizations that you can support include Monarch Joint Venture, the Xerces Society, and the National Wildlife Federation. - What is citizen science?
Citizen science is the involvement of the public in scientific research. - What is the long-term vision for monarch butterfly conservation?
The long-term vision for monarch butterfly conservation is to ensure that these iconic insects thrive for generations to come through sustainable habitats, community involvement, and a legacy of stewardship.
Understanding why monarch butterflies are endangered is the first step toward effective conservation. By recognizing the threats they face and taking action to address them, we can help ensure that these iconic insects continue to grace our skies for generations to come.
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