The police force, a cornerstone of modern society, has evolved significantly since its formal inception in the 19th century. Originating in the United Kingdom with the Metropolitan Police in 1829, law enforcement agencies worldwide have adopted various terminologies and even slang over time. Among these, “12” has emerged as a popular slang term, particularly in certain regions, to refer to police officers. But why are police called 12? This article delves into the origins and theories behind this intriguing slang, exploring its meaning, history, and cultural context.
Decoding “12”: What Does It Mean?
The term “12” is predominantly recognized as slang for police officers, especially within specific communities, notably in Atlanta, Georgia, and across the Southern United States. While its usage can vary, “12” is generally understood as a moniker for law enforcement. The tone associated with the term can range from derogatory or dismissive to neutral or even casual, depending on the speaker and context. It’s a colloquial way to refer to the police, often used in informal settings and particularly within hip-hop culture and music.
The Theories Behind “12”: Exploring the Origins
The exact genesis of “12” as a slang term for police remains somewhat shrouded in mystery, with several plausible theories attempting to explain its emergence.
The 10-12 Radio Code Theory
One prominent theory links “12” to the police radio ten-code system, specifically code “10-12.” In this system, “10-12” traditionally signifies “visitors present” or “stand by.” During the 1960s and 1970s, the ten-code system was widely adopted by law enforcement agencies for concise communication. It’s theorized that the “10-12” code, indicating a police presence or a need to wait due to police activity, was shortened to simply “12” as slang. This shorthand could have originated as a discreet way to alert others to the presence of law enforcement in an area, evolving into a broader term for police themselves.
The ACAB and 1312 Connection Theory
Another theory connects “12” to the acronym ACAB, which stands for “All Cops Are Bastards.” In this context, numbers are substituted for letters based on their position in the alphabet: A is the 1st letter, C is the 3rd, and B is the 2nd. Thus, ACAB can be numerically represented as 1312. It’s proposed that “1312” was further abbreviated to “12” as a shorter, more easily disseminated slang term. While ACAB carries a highly negative connotation, the use of “12,” particularly in mainstream culture, doesn’t always retain this derogatory intensity and can be used more casually as slang for police.
The Adam-12 TV Show Theory
A third theory draws inspiration from the classic police procedural television series, Adam-12. This show, which aired from 1968 to 1975, followed the daily routines of two Los Angeles Police Department officers patrolling in their patrol unit, designated “1-Adam-12.” The popularity of Adam-12 during the late 1960s and early 1970s, coinciding with the period when “12” slang emerged, suggests a potential link. Just as “5-0” became slang for police due to the Hawaii Five-O TV show, “12” might have similarly originated from Adam-12. The show’s widespread viewership could have familiarized the number “12” with police in the public consciousness, eventually leading to its adoption as slang.
Why Did “12” Gain Popularity as Police Slang?
Several factors contributed to the rise and widespread adoption of “12” as a slang term for police:
- Warning and Alert: “12” serves as a quick and easily recognizable way to warn others about the presence of law enforcement. This function aligns with the potential origin from the “10-12” radio code and fulfills a practical need for discreet communication.
- Pop Culture Influence: Hip-hop music and movies have significantly popularized “12.” Its usage in lyrics and dialogues has cemented its place in contemporary slang, making it a widely recognized moniker for the police across various demographics. The 1995 film Friday, for example, features the term “12,” illustrating its integration into popular culture.
- Brevity and Ease of Use: “12” is short, simple, and easy to say and remember, making it convenient for informal communication, especially in fast-paced or sensitive situations where alerting others to police presence is crucial.
Timeline: When Did “12” Emerge?
The slang term “12” began to be used to refer to law enforcement in the late 1960s. It rapidly gained traction and permeated pop culture throughout the 1970s and onwards. Its continued use in music, television, and film has ensured its persistence as a recognizable slang term for police to this day.
In Conclusion
While the precise origin of “12” as slang for police remains debated, the theories surrounding the 10-12 radio code, the ACAB/1312 connection, and the Adam-12 TV show each offer plausible explanations. Regardless of its exact etymology, “12” has become a firmly established slang term, particularly in regions like Atlanta and within broader popular culture. It functions as a colloquial way to refer to the police, often used to signal their presence or simply as an informal descriptor. Slang terms constantly evolve, and “12” serves as a fascinating example of how language adapts and reflects cultural interactions with law enforcement.
