The American bison, often roaming the vast prairies and grasslands of North America, carries a name that frequently sparks curiosity: buffalo. While scientifically known as bison, these majestic creatures are commonly referred to as buffalo, leading many to wonder about the origin of this seemingly interchangeable name. This article delves into the fascinating story behind why bison are also called buffalo, exploring the historical, cultural, and linguistic factors that contribute to this widespread nomenclature.
The Scientific Name: Bison
To understand the naming convention, it’s essential to first acknowledge the scientific classification. Wildlife biologists officially recognize the plains bison subspecies found in areas like Badlands National Park as Bison bison bison. This triple repetition of “bison” in their scientific name underscores their true identity. Therefore, from a purely scientific standpoint, these animals are unequivocally bison.
The Buffalo Misnomer: A French Mistake
The term “buffalo” emerged due to a historical case of mistaken identity. When French fur trappers ventured into North America in the early 17th century, they encountered these large, shaggy animals. Familiar with true buffalo in Africa and Asia, they drew a comparison based on superficial resemblance. The French word “bœuf,” meaning beef or ox, was applied to these new animals, eventually evolving into “buffalo” in English. This was, in essence, a misnomer, as bison and true buffalo belong to different, though related, genera. Despite the zoological inaccuracy, the name “buffalo” stuck and became deeply ingrained in popular language.
Tatanka and Pte: Honoring Indigenous Names
Beyond the European-derived names, it’s crucial to recognize the indigenous perspectives. For the Lakota people, who have a profound historical and cultural connection with bison, these animals are known by powerful names. “Tatanka” is the Lakota word for bison, a term that resonates with deep respect and signifies the animal’s importance. Another Lakota word is “pte,” and the Lakota people themselves are sometimes referred to as “pte oyate,” meaning “buffalo nation.” These indigenous names highlight the bison’s central role in Lakota culture, where they were not just a source of sustenance but also a spiritual symbol.
A History of Near Extinction
The story of bison names is intertwined with their dramatic population history in the United States. Once estimated to number at least 30 million, bison roamed from Canada to Mexico and from New York to Oregon. For the Lakota and other Plains tribes, bison were integral to life, providing food, clothing, shelter, and tools. Their nomadic lifestyle was often dictated by the movements of bison herds.
However, westward expansion by Euro-Americans brought devastating consequences. From the 1800s onwards, massive bison hunts decimated populations. Unlike the sustainable practices of indigenous peoples who utilized every part of the animal, commercial hunting focused on hides and tongues, leading to immense waste. Tragically, the US government also deliberately targeted bison as a means to undermine Native American cultures, who were deeply reliant on these animals. By 1884, the bison population plummeted to a mere 325 wild individuals.
Conservation and Today’s Bison
Fortunately, the brink of extinction spurred conservation efforts in the late 19th century. Dedicated individuals recognized the impending loss and took action to protect the remaining bison. Thanks to these early conservationists, approximately 20,000 bison now inhabit public lands, a testament to the power of conservation in reversing ecological damage.
In conclusion, while scientifically bison, the enduring name “buffalo” is a legacy of historical misunderstanding and linguistic adaptation. Understanding both the scientific accuracy of “bison” and the common usage of “buffalo,” alongside the culturally significant indigenous names like “tatanka” and “pte,” provides a richer appreciation for this iconic North American animal and its complex history.
