What Are The Better Angels of Our Nature & Why Has Violence Declined?

In “The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined,” Steven Pinker explores the idea that violence throughout human history has actually decreased. This comprehensive investigation into the history of violence and humanity’s better nature is dissected by WHY.EDU.VN. Pinker’s book dives into the factors contributing to this decline, offering an optimistic, thought-provoking view of human progress and societal trends in violence reduction, conflict resolution, and long-term pacification.

Table of Contents

Understanding the Better Angels of Our Nature
What are the Five Historical Trends Showing a Decline in Violence?
Major Factors Behind the Decline in Violence
The Role of the State in Reducing Violence
Expansion of Commerce and Economic Interdependence
The Power of Reason and Enlightenment Ideals
The Role of Empathy and Moral Progress
Challenges and Criticisms of Pinker’s Thesis
Counterarguments and Alternative Perspectives
Contemporary Violence and Future Implications
Lessons from History for Reducing Violence Today
How to Further Promote Humanity’s Better Angels
Expert Insights on the Decline of Violence
Statistical Data Supporting the Decline in Violence
Case Studies of Successful Violence Reduction Strategies
The Impact of Education on Reducing Violence
The Influence of Media and Culture on Perceptions of Violence
The Future of Violence: Trends and Predictions
The Role of International Organizations in Maintaining Peace
Personal Actions to Contribute to a More Peaceful World
FAQ About The Better Angels of Our Nature

1. Understanding the Better Angels of Our Nature

“The Better Angels of Our Nature” is a concept popularized by Steven Pinker, referring to the internal restraints and moral senses that humans possess, which counteract our violent tendencies. These “angels” include self-control, empathy, reason, and a sense of justice. Pinker’s work examines the decline of violence over the longue durée, arguing that despite perceptions of increased violence due to media coverage, humanity is living in the most peaceful time in history. This notion is supported by comprehensive studies from institutions such as the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), which track global conflict trends. Understanding these internal restraints is crucial for fostering social harmony, promoting ethical behavior, and encouraging non-violent conflict resolution.

1.1 What Exactly Are These ‘Better Angels’?

The “better angels” are the psychological and social mechanisms that inhibit violence. They represent our capacity for:

Empathy: Understanding and sharing the feelings of others.
Self-Control: The ability to delay gratification and avoid impulsive behavior.
Moral Sense: An innate understanding of right and wrong.
Reason: The capacity for logical thought and problem-solving.

1.2 Steven Pinker’s Key Arguments

In “The Better Angels of Our Nature,” Pinker makes several key arguments:

Violence has declined significantly over the course of history.
This decline is attributable to specific historical processes and cognitive shifts.
Our “better angels” have been increasingly influential in shaping social norms and institutions.

1.3 How Has Society’s Perception of Violence Changed Over Time?

Historically, violence was a pervasive aspect of daily life. Feuds, raids, and wars were common. Over time, societal structures evolved to mitigate violence through:

The rise of states: Centralized authorities that monopolize the use of force.
Economic interdependence: Increased trade and cooperation reduce incentives for conflict.
Cultural norms: Changes in values and attitudes that discourage violence.

2. What are the Five Historical Trends Showing a Decline in Violence?

Pinker identifies five major historical trends that illustrate the decline in violence:

Trend	Description	Supporting Evidence
The Pacification Process	The transition from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural communities saw a reduction in interpersonal violence due to settled lifestyles and the development of social norms.	Archaeological evidence shows lower rates of skeletal trauma in early agricultural settlements compared to hunter-gatherer sites.
The Civilizing Process	The consolidation of states and the establishment of legal systems led to a decline in violence within societies.	Historical records of homicide rates in European cities show a marked decrease from the Middle Ages to the modern era.
The Humanitarian Revolution	The Enlightenment and the rise of reason fostered increased empathy and moral progress, leading to the abolition of slavery and other inhumane practices.	The anti-slavery movement in the 18th and 19th centuries is a prime example of this shift in moral values.
The Long Peace	The period after World War II has been characterized by a relative absence of major conflicts between great powers.	The United Nations and other international organizations have played a significant role in preventing large-scale wars.
The New Peace	Since the end of the Cold War, there has been a further decline in organized violence, including civil wars and genocides.	The number of armed conflicts worldwide has decreased since the early 1990s, according to data from Uppsala Conflict Data Program.

3. Major Factors Behind the Decline in Violence

Several factors have contributed to the decline in violence, according to Pinker:

The rise of stronger, more centralized governments that can enforce laws and maintain order.
Increased trade and economic interdependence, which make war less appealing.
The spread of Enlightenment ideals, which emphasize reason, empathy, and human rights.
The rise of cosmopolitanism, which promotes tolerance and understanding of different cultures.

3.1 How Does Self-Control Contribute to Reduced Violence?

Self-control is crucial for managing impulses and avoiding violent confrontations. Societies that promote self-control through education, parenting, and cultural norms tend to be less violent. According to a study by the University of Chicago Crime Lab, interventions that enhance self-control in at-risk youth can significantly reduce involvement in violent crime.

3.2 The Role of Empathy in Inhibiting Violence

Empathy allows us to understand and share the feelings of others, making it more difficult to inflict harm on them. The expansion of literacy and mass media has exposed people to a wider range of perspectives, fostering empathy and reducing violence. Research from the Greater Good Science Center at UC Berkeley suggests that empathy can be cultivated through specific practices, such as mindfulness meditation and perspective-taking exercises.

3.3 Reason and Its Influence on Violence Reduction

Reason enables us to analyze the consequences of our actions and find non-violent solutions to conflicts. The scientific revolution and the Enlightenment promoted the use of reason and evidence-based decision-making, leading to more effective strategies for reducing violence. A report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine highlights the importance of using data and scientific evidence to inform violence prevention policies.

3.4 How Does a Sense of Justice Promote Peace?

A sense of justice motivates us to seek fairness and equity, reducing the likelihood of violent conflict. Societies that have fair legal systems and institutions are less prone to violence because people are more likely to resolve disputes peacefully. The World Justice Project’s Rule of Law Index shows a strong correlation between the rule of law and lower levels of violence in countries around the world.

4. The Role of the State in Reducing Violence

The emergence of states with the power to enforce laws and punish offenders has been a key factor in reducing violence. States provide a framework for resolving disputes peacefully and deterring violent behavior.

4.1 How Does Centralized Authority Deter Violence?

Centralized authority establishes clear rules and consequences for violent behavior, making it riskier and less appealing. The ability to monopolize the use of force allows the state to suppress violence and maintain order. Research by political scientist Charles Tilly demonstrates that states have historically played a crucial role in reducing violence by establishing a monopoly on the legitimate use of force.

4.2 The Impact of Legal Systems on Violence Reduction

Legal systems provide a framework for resolving disputes peacefully, reducing the need for individuals to resort to violence. Fair and impartial legal systems can also deter violence by holding offenders accountable for their actions. A study by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) shows that countries with strong legal systems have lower rates of homicide and other violent crimes.

4.3 Case Studies of Effective State Interventions

Several case studies illustrate the effectiveness of state interventions in reducing violence:

Colombia: Government programs aimed at reducing drug-related violence have led to a significant decrease in homicide rates in major cities.
Northern Ireland: The Good Friday Agreement and subsequent political reforms have helped to end decades of sectarian violence.
South Africa: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission played a crucial role in addressing the legacy of apartheid and preventing further violence.

5. Expansion of Commerce and Economic Interdependence

Increased trade and economic interdependence make war less appealing because countries have more to gain from cooperation than conflict. Commerce also fosters a sense of shared interests and mutual understanding.

5.1 How Does Trade Reduce Incentives for Conflict?

Trade creates economic ties between countries, making them more dependent on each other and less likely to engage in violent conflict. Countries that trade extensively with each other are less likely to go to war because they have more to lose from disrupting those economic relationships. Research by economists Erik Gartzke and Quan Li shows that trade has a significant pacifying effect on international relations.

5.2 The Relationship Between Economic Prosperity and Peace

Economic prosperity reduces poverty and inequality, which are major drivers of violence. When people have access to education, employment, and economic opportunities, they are less likely to turn to violence. A report by the World Bank highlights the importance of economic development in reducing conflict and promoting peace.

5.3 The Role of Global Supply Chains in Promoting Peace

Global supply chains create complex interdependencies between countries, making it more costly and disruptive to engage in conflict. Countries that are integrated into global supply chains have a strong incentive to maintain peaceful relations. A study by the Peterson Institute for International Economics shows that participation in global supply chains is associated with lower levels of conflict and greater economic stability.

6. The Power of Reason and Enlightenment Ideals

The Enlightenment emphasized reason, science, and human rights, leading to a shift in values and attitudes that discouraged violence. The spread of these ideals has had a profound impact on reducing violence around the world.

6.1 How Did the Enlightenment Influence Violence Reduction?

The Enlightenment promoted the idea that human beings are capable of rational thought and moral progress. This led to a greater emphasis on individual rights, the rule of law, and peaceful conflict resolution. Thinkers like John Locke, Immanuel Kant, and Cesare Beccaria advocated for reforms in legal systems and government policies that would reduce violence and promote justice.

6.2 The Role of Science and Education in Promoting Peace

Science provides us with a better understanding of the causes of violence and the strategies that are most effective in preventing it. Education empowers individuals to think critically, solve problems peacefully, and participate in democratic processes. A report by UNESCO highlights the importance of education in promoting peace, human rights, and sustainable development.

6.3 The Spread of Human Rights Norms

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations in 1948, established a set of universal standards for human rights and fundamental freedoms. The spread of human rights norms has led to greater accountability for human rights abuses and a growing consensus that violence against individuals and groups is unacceptable. Research by political scientist Emilie Hafner-Burton shows that countries that ratify human rights treaties tend to have lower levels of political violence.

7. The Role of Empathy and Moral Progress

Empathy, the ability to understand and share the feelings of others, plays a crucial role in reducing violence. Moral progress, the expansion of our moral circle to include a wider range of individuals and groups, also contributes to a more peaceful world.

7.1 How Does Empathy Inhibit Violent Behavior?

Empathy makes it more difficult to inflict harm on others because we are able to feel their pain and suffering. By understanding the consequences of our actions, we are less likely to engage in violent behavior. Research in neuroscience shows that empathy activates specific regions of the brain that are associated with emotional processing and social cognition.

7.2 The Expansion of the Moral Circle

Historically, our moral circle was limited to our immediate family or tribe. Over time, it has expanded to include people from different cultures, races, and religions. This expansion of the moral circle has led to greater tolerance and a reduced willingness to engage in violence against those who are different from us. Philosopher Peter Singer argues that we have a moral obligation to extend our circle of compassion to all sentient beings.

7.3 The Influence of Social Movements on Moral Progress

Social movements, such as the civil rights movement and the women’s rights movement, have played a crucial role in promoting moral progress and reducing violence. By challenging discriminatory practices and advocating for greater equality, these movements have helped to create a more just and peaceful society. A study by sociologist Doug McAdam shows that social movements can have a significant impact on changing public attitudes and government policies related to violence and discrimination.

8. Challenges and Criticisms of Pinker’s Thesis

Despite Pinker’s compelling arguments, his thesis has faced several challenges and criticisms.

8.1 What Are the Main Criticisms of Pinker’s Argument?

Some critics argue that Pinker’s analysis is overly optimistic and that he downplays the extent of violence in the world today. They point to ongoing conflicts, human rights abuses, and systemic inequalities as evidence that violence is still a major problem. Other criticisms include:

Selection Bias: Pinker may be selectively choosing data that supports his thesis while ignoring evidence to the contrary.
Methodological Issues: The methods used to measure violence in the past may not be comparable to those used today, making it difficult to draw accurate conclusions about long-term trends.
Ignoring Structural Violence: Pinker’s focus on direct violence may lead him to overlook the impact of structural violence, such as poverty, inequality, and discrimination.

8.2 Are We Really Living in the Most Peaceful Time in History?

While there is evidence that violence has declined over the long term, it is important to acknowledge that violence remains a significant problem in many parts of the world. Ongoing conflicts in Syria, Yemen, and other countries have resulted in immense human suffering. Systemic inequalities and human rights abuses continue to fuel violence and instability.

8.3 The Risk of Complacency

One of the dangers of Pinker’s thesis is that it may lead to complacency. If we believe that violence is declining and that progress is inevitable, we may be less motivated to take action to prevent violence and promote peace. It is important to remain vigilant and proactive in addressing the root causes of violence and working towards a more just and peaceful world.

9. Counterarguments and Alternative Perspectives

Several alternative perspectives challenge Pinker’s thesis and offer different explanations for the trends in violence.

9.1 What Alternative Theories Explain Violence Trends?

Some scholars argue that violence is not declining but rather transforming. They suggest that direct violence may be decreasing, but structural and cultural violence are on the rise. Other theories emphasize the role of:

Resource Scarcity: Competition for resources, such as water and land, can lead to violent conflict.
Political Instability: Weak or corrupt governments can create a vacuum that allows violence to flourish.
Ideological Extremism: Extremist ideologies can justify violence in the name of a higher cause.

9.2 The Role of Inequality in Fueling Violence

Inequality is a major driver of violence, both within and between countries. When people feel that they are being treated unfairly or that they lack opportunities, they may be more likely to turn to violence. A report by Oxfam shows that extreme inequality is associated with higher levels of crime, political instability, and violent conflict.

9.3 The Impact of Climate Change on Violence

Climate change is expected to exacerbate many of the factors that contribute to violence, such as resource scarcity, poverty, and displacement. As climate change intensifies, it is likely to lead to increased conflict and instability in many parts of the world. A report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warns that climate change could increase the risk of violent conflict by intensifying competition for resources and increasing migration.

10. Contemporary Violence and Future Implications

Despite the long-term decline in violence, contemporary forms of violence pose significant challenges.

10.1 What Are the Most Pressing Violence-Related Issues Today?

Some of the most pressing violence-related issues today include:

Cyberviolence: Cyberbullying, online harassment, and cyberterrorism are on the rise.
Hate Crimes: Hate crimes targeting minority groups are increasing in many countries.
Domestic Violence: Domestic violence remains a pervasive problem, affecting millions of people worldwide.
Extremist Violence: Extremist groups continue to pose a threat to peace and security in many parts of the world.

10.2 How Can Technology Be Used to Reduce Violence?

Technology can be a powerful tool for reducing violence. Some examples include:

Data Analysis: Data analysis can be used to identify patterns of violence and target interventions to high-risk areas.
Early Warning Systems: Early warning systems can detect signs of impending conflict and alert authorities to take preventive action.
Social Media Monitoring: Social media monitoring can be used to identify and disrupt extremist networks.

10.3 The Future of Conflict: Trends and Predictions

Experts predict that future conflicts will be increasingly complex and multifaceted. They are likely to involve a combination of state and non-state actors, as well as a range of factors, such as resource scarcity, climate change, and ideological extremism. A report by the National Intelligence Council predicts that future conflicts will be more urbanized, protracted, and difficult to resolve.

11. Lessons from History for Reducing Violence Today

History provides valuable lessons for reducing violence today.

11.1 What Historical Strategies Have Proven Effective?

Some historical strategies that have proven effective in reducing violence include:

Strengthening the Rule of Law: Establishing fair and impartial legal systems that hold offenders accountable for their actions.
Promoting Economic Development: Reducing poverty and inequality by creating economic opportunities for all.
Investing in Education: Empowering individuals to think critically, solve problems peacefully, and participate in democratic processes.
Fostering Empathy and Tolerance: Promoting understanding and respect for different cultures, religions, and perspectives.

11.2 The Importance of Addressing Root Causes

To effectively reduce violence, it is essential to address the root causes, such as poverty, inequality, discrimination, and political instability. By tackling these underlying issues, we can create a more just and peaceful world. A report by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) highlights the importance of addressing the root causes of conflict and promoting sustainable development.

11.3 The Role of International Cooperation

International cooperation is essential for addressing global challenges, such as climate change, terrorism, and pandemics. By working together, countries can pool resources, share information, and coordinate efforts to prevent violence and promote peace. A report by the International Crisis Group emphasizes the importance of international cooperation in preventing and resolving conflicts around the world.

12. How to Further Promote Humanity’s Better Angels

Promoting humanity’s better angels requires a multifaceted approach that includes individual actions, community initiatives, and government policies.

12.1 What Actions Can Individuals Take?

Individuals can contribute to a more peaceful world by:

Practicing Empathy: Trying to understand and share the feelings of others.
Engaging in Constructive Dialogue: Listening to different perspectives and seeking common ground.
Promoting Tolerance: Respecting and valuing diversity.
Speaking Out Against Injustice: Challenging discrimination and inequality.
Supporting Peace Initiatives: Donating to organizations that work to prevent violence and promote peace.

12.2 The Role of Education and Awareness Campaigns

Education and awareness campaigns can play a crucial role in promoting empathy, tolerance, and peaceful conflict resolution. By educating people about the causes and consequences of violence, we can empower them to take action and create a more peaceful world. A report by the Institute for Economics and Peace highlights the importance of education in promoting peace and reducing violence.

12.3 Policy Recommendations for Reducing Violence

Governments can reduce violence by:

Investing in Education: Providing access to quality education for all.
Strengthening Social Safety Nets: Providing support for vulnerable populations.
Reforming Criminal Justice Systems: Implementing evidence-based policies that reduce recidivism.
Promoting Gun Safety: Enacting laws that reduce gun violence.
Supporting International Cooperation: Working with other countries to prevent and resolve conflicts.

13. Expert Insights on the Decline of Violence

Experts from various fields offer valuable insights into the decline of violence and its implications.

13.1 Quotes from Leading Thinkers on Violence Reduction

Steven Pinker: “Violence has been in decline for long stretches of history, and today we are probably living in the most peaceful time in our species’ existence.”
Frans de Waal: “Humans are social animals, and empathy is part of our biology.”
Desmond Tutu: “Forgiveness is not forgetting; it’s actually remembering—remembering and not using your right to hit back. It’s a second chance for a new beginning.”

13.2 Research Findings from Renowned Scholars

Robert Putnam: His research on social capital shows that communities with strong social connections are less prone to violence.
Elinor Ostrom: Her work on common-pool resource management demonstrates that cooperation can emerge even in the absence of centralized authority.
Gary Slutkin: His Cure Violence model uses a public health approach to treat violence as a contagious disease, with impressive results.

13.3 Perspectives from Peace Activists and Practitioners

Malala Yousafzai: “One child, one teacher, one book, one pen can change the world.”
Leymah Gbowee: “You can never have peace in the world until you have peace in the home.”
Mairead Maguire: “Every bullet that is fired, every bomb that is exploded, signifies a failure somewhere.”

14. Statistical Data Supporting the Decline in Violence

Statistical data provide compelling evidence for the decline in violence over time.

14.1 Global Homicide Rates Over Time

Data from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) show that global homicide rates have declined significantly over the past few centuries. While there have been fluctuations, the overall trend is downward.

14.2 Trends in Armed Conflicts Worldwide

Data from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) show that the number of armed conflicts worldwide has decreased since the early 1990s. This decline is particularly noticeable in the number of interstate wars.

14.3 Statistics on Terrorism and Political Violence

Data from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) show that while terrorism remains a threat, the number of terrorist attacks and fatalities has decreased in recent years. However, political violence remains a concern in many parts of the world.

Metric	1500s	1900s	2000s
Chance of dying violently	500 in 100k	100 in 100k	50 in 100k
Likelihood of war	High	Med	Low
Acceptance of violence	High	Med	Low

15. Case Studies of Successful Violence Reduction Strategies

Case studies illustrate the effectiveness of specific violence reduction strategies in different contexts.

15.1 The Cure Violence Model

The Cure Violence model, developed by epidemiologist Gary Slutkin, uses a public health approach to treat violence as a contagious disease. The model involves identifying and interrupting violent conflicts, preventing further spread of violence, and changing community norms. The Cure Violence model has been implemented in several cities in the United States and has shown promising results in reducing violence.

15.2 The CeaseFire Program

The CeaseFire program, also known as Violence Interrupters, uses street-level outreach workers to mediate conflicts and prevent retaliatory violence. The program targets high-risk individuals and communities and has been shown to be effective in reducing shootings and homicides. The CeaseFire program has been implemented in several cities in the United States and around the world.

15.3 The Oslo Peace Accords

The Oslo Peace Accords, signed in 1993 between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), aimed to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict peacefully. While the peace process has stalled, the Oslo Accords represent a significant effort to reduce violence and promote peaceful coexistence.

16. The Impact of Education on Reducing Violence

Education plays a critical role in reducing violence by promoting empathy, tolerance, and peaceful conflict resolution.

16.1 How Does Education Foster Empathy and Tolerance?

Education exposes individuals to different cultures, perspectives, and experiences, fostering empathy and tolerance. By learning about the history, values, and traditions of other groups, people are less likely to harbor prejudice and discrimination. A report by UNESCO highlights the importance of education in promoting intercultural understanding and respect for diversity.

16.2 The Role of Critical Thinking Skills

Education empowers individuals to think critically, analyze information, and solve problems peacefully. Critical thinking skills are essential for evaluating the causes and consequences of violence and for developing effective strategies for preventing it. A report by the National Research Council highlights the importance of critical thinking skills in promoting civic engagement and responsible citizenship.

16.3 Education and Economic Opportunity

Education provides individuals with the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in the workforce, reducing poverty and inequality. When people have access to economic opportunities, they are less likely to turn to violence. A report by the World Bank shows that education is a key factor in promoting economic growth and reducing poverty.

17. The Influence of Media and Culture on Perceptions of Violence

Media and culture play a significant role in shaping our perceptions of violence.

17.1 How Does Media Coverage Affect Our Understanding of Violence?

Media coverage can influence our understanding of violence by:

Sensationalizing Violence: Media outlets often focus on sensational and shocking acts of violence, creating a distorted perception of the overall level of violence in society.
Perpetuating Stereotypes: Media coverage can perpetuate stereotypes about certain groups, leading to prejudice and discrimination.
Normalizing Violence: Constant exposure to violence in media can desensitize individuals and make them more accepting of violence.

17.2 The Impact of Violent Video Games and Movies

Research on the impact of violent video games and movies is mixed. Some studies suggest that exposure to violent media can increase aggression and desensitize individuals to violence, while others find no significant effects. It is important to consider the context in which media is consumed and the individual characteristics of the consumer.

17.3 Cultural Norms and Attitudes Toward Violence

Cultural norms and attitudes toward violence can vary widely across different societies. Some cultures may condone or even glorify violence, while others strongly condemn it. Understanding these cultural differences is essential for developing effective strategies for reducing violence.

18. The Future of Violence: Trends and Predictions

Predicting the future of violence is a complex task, but experts offer some insights based on current trends.

18.1 Emerging Threats and Challenges

Some emerging threats and challenges related to violence include:

Cyberviolence: Cyberbullying, online harassment, and cyberterrorism are on the rise.
Autonomous Weapons: The development of autonomous weapons raises ethical and security concerns.
Environmental Degradation: Environmental degradation can lead to resource scarcity and violent conflict.
Political Polarization: Increasing political polarization can lead to social unrest and violence.

18.2 Technological Innovations for Violence Prevention

Technological innovations for violence prevention include:

Predictive Policing: Using data analysis to predict and prevent crime.
Body-Worn Cameras: Using body-worn cameras to improve police accountability and reduce police violence.
Social Media Monitoring: Using social media monitoring to identify and disrupt extremist networks.

18.3 Long-Term Strategies for a More Peaceful World

Long-term strategies for a more peaceful world include:

Promoting Global Governance: Strengthening international institutions and cooperation.
Addressing Climate Change: Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the impacts of climate change.
Promoting Sustainable Development: Creating economic opportunities and reducing poverty and inequality.
Investing in Education and Research: Supporting research on violence prevention and promoting education for peace.

19. The Role of International Organizations in Maintaining Peace

International organizations play a crucial role in maintaining peace and preventing violence.

19.1 The United Nations and Its Peacekeeping Operations

The United Nations (UN) is the primary international organization responsible for maintaining peace and security. The UN deploys peacekeeping operations to conflict zones around the world to monitor ceasefires, protect civilians, and support political processes.

19.2 The International Criminal Court

The International Criminal Court (ICC) is a permanent international court that investigates and prosecutes individuals accused of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. The ICC plays a crucial role in holding perpetrators of mass atrocities accountable for their actions.

19.3 Regional Organizations and Conflict Resolution

Regional organizations, such as the African Union (AU) and the European Union (EU), also play a significant role in conflict resolution. These organizations often have a better understanding of regional dynamics and can be more effective in mediating conflicts and promoting peace.

20. Personal Actions to Contribute to a More Peaceful World

Individuals can contribute to a more peaceful world through their daily actions.

20.1 Practicing Empathy and Compassion

Practicing empathy and compassion can help to break down barriers and build bridges between people from different backgrounds. By trying to understand and share the feelings of others, we can create a more caring and connected world.

20.2 Promoting Tolerance and Respect for Diversity

Promoting tolerance and respect for diversity can help to reduce prejudice and discrimination. By celebrating the richness and variety of human cultures, we can create a more inclusive and equitable world.

20.3 Engaging in Constructive Dialogue

Engaging in constructive dialogue can help to resolve conflicts peacefully and build consensus on important issues. By listening to different perspectives and seeking common ground, we can create a more collaborative and cooperative world.

20.4 Supporting Peace Initiatives and Organizations

Supporting peace initiatives and organizations can help to prevent violence and promote peace. By donating to organizations that work to resolve conflicts, promote human rights, and provide humanitarian assistance, we can make a positive impact on the world.

21. FAQ About The Better Angels of Our Nature

Q1: What are the “better angels of our nature”?
The “better angels” are internal mechanisms—self-control, empathy, reason, and a sense of justice—that counteract violent tendencies in humans.

Q2: What is Steven Pinker’s main argument in his book?
Pinker argues that violence has significantly declined over human history, and humanity is likely living in the most peaceful time ever.

Q3: What are the major factors that have contributed to this decline in violence?
The rise of states, economic interdependence, the spread of Enlightenment ideals, and increased empathy.

Q4: How does the expansion of commerce and economic interdependence reduce violence?
Trade creates economic ties, making conflict less appealing due to the potential disruption of these relationships.

Q5: What role does the state play in reducing violence?
States enforce laws, provide a framework for resolving disputes peacefully, and deter violent behavior through centralized authority.

Q6: What are some criticisms of Pinker’s thesis?
Critics argue that Pinker’s analysis is overly optimistic, downplays current violence, and may suffer from selection bias.

Q7: How does education help in reducing violence?
Education promotes empathy, tolerance, and critical thinking, which aids in peaceful conflict resolution.

Q8: What are some examples of successful violence reduction strategies?
The Cure Violence model, the CeaseFire program, and the Oslo Peace Accords are examples of successful strategies.

Q9: How can individuals contribute to a more peaceful world?
By practicing empathy, promoting tolerance, engaging in constructive dialogue, and supporting peace initiatives.

Q10: What are some emerging threats to violence reduction in the future?
Cyberviolence, autonomous weapons, environmental degradation, and political polarization.

In conclusion, “The Better Angels of Our Nature” offers a comprehensive and optimistic view of human progress. While challenges and criticisms exist, the book provides valuable insights into the factors that have contributed to the decline in violence and the strategies that can be used to promote peace.

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