Most parents have witnessed the almost magical calming effect a pacifier can have on a fussy baby. Babies seem naturally drawn to pacifiers, but what is it about these simple objects that provides such comfort? Understanding why babies like pacifiers involves delving into their innate reflexes and the soothing sensations associated with sucking.
The Science of Suckling: Unpacking the Comfort
Babies are born with a strong sucking reflex, a primal instinct essential for survival. This reflex isn’t solely about obtaining nourishment; it’s also deeply linked to comfort and self-soothing. Even before birth, many babies can be seen sucking their thumbs or fingers in ultrasounds. This behavior highlights that sucking is intrinsically pleasurable and calming for infants.
One key reason babies find pacifiers so appealing is the release of endorphins in the brain during sucking. Endorphins are natural pain relievers and mood boosters. The rhythmic motion of sucking on a pacifier triggers this endorphin release, creating a sense of tranquility and well-being for the baby. This can be particularly helpful in managing fussiness, promoting sleep, and easing discomfort.
Furthermore, pacifiers offer a safe and readily available outlet for this sucking need. While breastfeeding and bottle-feeding fulfill nutritional needs and provide sucking satisfaction, babies often desire additional non-nutritive sucking. Pacifiers satisfy this urge without the risk of overfeeding, offering comfort between meals or when a feeding isn’t necessary.
The Benefits of Pacifier Use: More Than Just Soothing
Beyond the fundamental comfort they provide, pacifiers offer several practical advantages for both babies and parents:
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Soothing a Fussy Baby: As many parents can attest, a pacifier can be incredibly effective in calming a crying or agitated baby. The sucking action can distract them from minor discomforts or overstimulation and help them regain composure.
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Temporary Distraction During Procedures: Pacifiers can be invaluable during potentially stressful situations like vaccinations or blood tests. The distraction and soothing effect can help babies remain calmer and more comfortable throughout these procedures.
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Aiding Sleep Onset: Many babies find it easier to fall asleep when sucking on a pacifier. The rhythmic sucking can be a comforting bedtime ritual, helping them settle down and drift off to sleep more easily.
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Easing Discomfort During Air Travel: Babies are unable to consciously regulate ear pressure changes during flights, which can lead to ear pain. Sucking on a pacifier during ascent and descent can help equalize pressure in their ears and alleviate discomfort.
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Potential Reduction in SIDS Risk: Research suggests a link between pacifier use at nap time and bedtime and a reduced risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). While the exact reasons are still being studied, it’s hypothesized that pacifier use might help maintain airway patency or alter sleep patterns in a way that reduces SIDS risk.
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Disposable and Habit-Breaking Advantage: Unlike thumb or finger sucking, pacifier use can be controlled and eventually discontinued. When it’s time to wean, pacifiers can be removed, whereas breaking a thumb-sucking habit can be more challenging.
Navigating the Downsides: Potential Concerns of Pacifier Use
While pacifiers offer numerous benefits, it’s important to be aware of potential drawbacks:
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Pacifier Dependence and Sleep Disruptions: If a baby consistently relies on a pacifier to fall asleep, they may experience nighttime awakenings and crying spells if the pacifier falls out of their mouth. This can lead to fragmented sleep for both the baby and parents.
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Increased Risk of Middle Ear Infections: Some studies have indicated a possible link between pacifier use and a slightly increased risk of middle ear infections. However, it’s worth noting that the incidence of ear infections is generally lower in the first six months of life – the period when SIDS risk is highest and pacifier use is often most beneficial.
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Potential Dental Issues with Prolonged Use: While typical pacifier use in the early years generally doesn’t cause long-term dental problems, prolonged and excessive pacifier use beyond the age of two or three could potentially lead to misalignment of teeth.
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Possible Breastfeeding Disruption: There was initial concern that pacifier use might interfere with breastfeeding, particularly if introduced too early. However, current research suggests that unrestricted pacifier use in healthy, full-term infants does not negatively impact breastfeeding continuation. It’s generally recommended to establish a breastfeeding routine (around 3-4 weeks) before introducing a pacifier if breastfeeding is the chosen feeding method.
Pacifier Safety and Best Practices: Do’s and Don’ts
If you decide to offer your baby a pacifier, following safety guidelines is crucial:
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Pacifier as a Secondary Soothing Method: Don’t automatically reach for a pacifier at the first sign of fussiness. Try other soothing techniques like rocking, cuddling, or changing positions first. Offer a pacifier after feeding or between feedings if the baby remains unsettled.
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Choose a Safe Pacifier Design: Opt for one-piece pacifiers that are dishwasher-safe. One-piece construction reduces the risk of parts breaking off and becoming a choking hazard.
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Respect Baby’s Preference: Never force a pacifier on a baby who isn’t interested. If your baby rejects the pacifier, don’t insist.
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Maintain Strict Hygiene: Especially before six months, when a baby’s immune system is still developing, sterilize pacifiers frequently by boiling or dishwashing. After six months, washing with soap and water is sufficient. Avoid cleaning a pacifier in your own mouth, as this can transfer germs to your baby.
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Avoid Sweetening Pacifiers: Never dip pacifiers in sugary substances like honey or juice. This can damage developing teeth and create unhealthy sugar preferences.
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Prioritize Safety Features: Regularly inspect pacifiers for signs of wear and tear and replace them as needed. Use age-appropriate sizes. Exercise caution with pacifier clips and never attach a pacifier to a string or ribbon that could pose a strangulation risk.
Weaning from the Pacifier: When and How to Say Goodbye
As babies grow older, the benefits of pacifier use tend to diminish, while the potential risks, particularly for dental development, become more relevant. Most children naturally wean themselves off pacifiers between the ages of two and four. However, some may require gentle encouragement.
Positive reinforcement is key when weaning. Praise and reward your child when they choose not to use their pacifier. If weaning proves challenging, consult your pediatrician or dentist for additional guidance and support.
In Conclusion
Babies like pacifiers because they tap into a fundamental, innate reflex that provides comfort, soothes distress, and releases calming endorphins. When used responsibly and with awareness of both the benefits and potential drawbacks, pacifiers can be a valuable tool for parents in caring for their infants. Understanding the “why” behind a baby’s love for pacifiers empowers parents to make informed decisions about their use and to support their child’s development through infancy and beyond.
References:
- Altmann T, et al., eds. Caring for Your Baby and Young Child: Birth to Age 5. 7th ed. Bantam; 2019.
- Moon RY, et al. SIDS and other sleep-related infant deaths: Evidence base for 2016 updated recommendations for a safe infant sleeping environment. Pediatrics. 2016; doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2940.
- Butler R, et al. Pacifier use, finger sucking, and infant sleep. Behavioral Sleep Medicine. 2016; doi:10.1080/15402002.2015.1048451.
- Jaafar SH, et al. Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016; doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007202.pub4.
- Nowak AJ, et al. Oral habits and orofacial development in children. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020.
- Thumb sucking, finger sucking and pacifier use. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. http://ebusiness.ada.org/productcatalog/product.aspx?ID=615. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020.
